When Good Science Goes Bad :: Experiments Testing Papers

There appears to be some writing on the note ... A videotape shows a BMW driving quite erratically. It drives along swerving in and out of traffic. The car drives on the shoulder of the road and even off to the side of the road at times. On the tape a voice can be heard. It is the police officer communicating back and forth with the person on the other end of his radio. What he says is shown as subtitles on the bottom of the screen. He reads off the speeds his radar gun shows. This lets you know how recklessly the driver of the BMW is driving. As the tape continues to play the BMW seems to be driving worse and worse, until the driver loses control and ends up getting into some sort of horrific accident all caught on the camera that is sitting on the dash of the police officers cruiser. Everyone has seen these television shows; the ones that are titled Worlds Scariest Police Chases, When Good Cops Turn Bad, and even Americas Dumbest Criminals. These shows on TV are relatively cheap to create. The companies just pay a person to do th e narrating for the stories and they use actual footage from police car cameras or security cameras. The best part about these shows is they draw in the big ratings. Viewers love these shows and that brings in big advertising money for the companies. Well what if these shows were looked at in a different context? What if they were looked at because they were real and not as a TV show? Then they were looked at in other areas, say science. What would happen if a TV show called When Good Science (or Scientists) Goes (Go) Bad? Would people become more aware of what is going on and try to prevent it or would they be happier with not knowing what is going on? It seems scientists sometimes are more concentrated on their own curiosity, and that they may work on things solely for their own pursuit of knowledge. Sometimes the intention of the scientist may be to create something that will help better the world, but in the end the opposite happens. The questions of science are not new. Since the beginning of time, man has explored science. They ask questions and seek answers. The question of is science doing the right thing or not is also not a new question.

Health Issues in the Aborigines Culture

Health Issues in the Aborigines Culture Over the course of history, the state of Aboriginal health has deteriorated in a relation much similar to the culture’s struggle to survive in the ever-changing society. As a result, this state has changed from an ideal balance with nature during the days of their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, to the more disoriented form of endurance in order to cope with obligatory integration and open antagonism by other ‘modern’ communities (Grbich, 2004).This has led to an augmentation of the encumbrance of illness and death as well as diverse forms of morbidity that Aboriginal communities experience throughout their lives. It is indeed ironical that while under the context of an organized and industrialized nation such as Australia, indigenous communities continue to face increased health problems even despite countrywide efforts at eradicating health risks thereby reducing mortality rates for children and adults alike as well as communic able and non-communicable morbidity indicators.Indigenous health problems are also noted to be a combination of third world-associated quandaries such as high rates of maternal and infant mortality as well as low life expectancy, malnutrition and other communicable diseases; as well as more ‘Western lifestyle’ health problems such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, drug and alcohol abuse, mental illness, and many others (Lewis, 2003). This paper therefore looks at the epidemiology of the state of health for the Aboriginal community, delving into the possible sociological reasons behind this increasingly deplorable condition.At the same time, a clearer perspective will be offered into the widening gap that is noted between the state of health for Aboriginal communities and that of other Australians further putting this into a social context. The effect of a modern society on health care provision to indigenous communities is also discussed, as well as the health issue s facing these people such as high blood pressure, stress, drugs, alcohol and poor children’s health. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008), the Aboriginal community faces higher rates of ill health than any other group in Australia.From the estimate of an average of 450,000 Aborigines in Australia, it is observed that when compared to other communities, this community faces enhanced problems of chronic illness and problems from cigarette smoking in addition to other health issues. Among the various problems faced by the Aboriginal people include children’s health issues. These include low birth weight accompanied by an infant mortality rate that is almost three times that of the national average; such a figure results to 15. 2 deaths of Aborigine infants as compared to 5 from other communities per 1,000 births (Thomas, 2003).Other factors connected to low birth weight include that of an enhanced risk for consequent diseases during puberty and adultho od that may lead to neonatal death. Low birth weight of the infant is associated with a slow growth rate and short pregnancy length, with Aboriginal women noted to have a 12. 4% chance to have a low birth weight baby as compared to 6. 2% for a non-Aboriginal woman (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Other issues noted in Aboriginal children include the prevalence of poverty among the members of this group thereby leading to ill-health and poor benefits especially for the young.In addition to a higher rate of low birth weight in Aboriginal women, their children also face a greater risk of malnutrition. The advantage of breastfeeding is noted during the early months, with this offering an additional defense against common infant diseases. However, after weaning, the lack of nutritious foods increases the likelihood of children to contract infectious diseases further enhancing the children’s malnutrition. Other health problems faced by children include the prevalence of mid dle ear infection, consequently affecting the learning abilities of the child that may have speech and hearing problems.At the same time, the high rate of smoking among the Aboriginal community leads to a high exposure of the children to tobacco smoke during pregnancy and even after birth. This then leads to the noted increase in the prevalence of respiratory disorders including asthma and other related ailments. Other diseases faced by pre-pubescent Aborigines include chest and throat infections as well as injuries from accidents. Adult male Aborigines also face higher risks of accidental injuries as compared to non-aboriginal adult males.This increases their chances for hospitalization which is also enhanced by heart and chest diseases as well as digestive tract ailments. Aboriginal women similarly have higher rates of urinary and reproductive complications as compared to non-aboriginal women with the latter complications leading to strained pregnancy and births. On an overall bas is, members of the Aboriginal communities are twice as likely to be hospitalized as compared their non-aboriginal counterparts (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). These results from an enhanced susceptibility to injuries sustained during accidents as well as the aforementioned causes.It is also noted that Aboriginal people usually have a higher vulnerability to infectious diseases such as sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, as well as other potentially fatal conditions such as Tuberculosis and Haemophilus influenza type b (Lutschini, 2005). Diet and nutrition plays a major role in the state of health of the Aboriginal people. Before the influence of settlers who arrived in Australia, Aboriginal people were used to their hunter-gatherer lifestyles that incorporated the consumption of wild meats and fallow plants.These customary foods were rich in nutrients, protein and carbohydrates, while also having limited supplies of sugars and fat. As a result, the Aboriginal people were healthy and did not face diet-related ailments. With the introduction of Westernized foods, which contain higher levels of sugars and fat, while being low on essential nutrients, the Aboriginal people have become more vulnerable to diet disorders such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. This increased rate is also noted to be higher in Aborigines than in non-aborigines who are considered to be used to these ‘modern’ foods.Aboriginal people have also been noted to have a shorter life expectancy than that of non-indigenous communities with Aboriginal males expected to live for around 57 years as compared to 62 years for their female counterparts; this translates to a shortfall of around 18 to 20 years when compared to non-aborigines (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). There are diverse causes of this early death amongst the aborigines that include twice the rate of cardiovascular disorders that include strokes and heart failures as compared to non-aborigines.At the same time, aborigines are three times as likely to succumb to injuries sustained from accidents as well as other causes such as homicide and even suicide. When seeking an explanation as to these health profiles, it is important to take into consideration the historical context of the changing environment that the Aborigines have had to contend with. Prior to European colonization, these individuals were used to a supportive environment as well as a multifaceted social support network. They also had an advanced comprehension of their ecology which was advantageous in providing all their nutritional and health requirements.This was also enhanced by an active lifestyle whose foundation was a community that promoted a family culture that exhibited psychosocial veracity (White, 2002). The advent of colonization brought with it a change in lifestyle making the Aborigines more inactive and dependent on the European settlers. This resulted in t heir acquisition of undesirable products and infectious diseases that their health systems were not equipped to handle. At the same time, a societal shift was noted that clashed with the culture, heritage as well as the concept of family that the Aborigines were used to.In recent years, there has been an effort at social integration coupled with dealing with public health issues at all facets of the community (Carson, Dunbar & Chenhall, 2007). However, even with an overall reduction in the mortality and death rates of all Australians, it is noted that the Aboriginal community still records significantly higher rates of the same. Due to the overall effect that historical events have had on the Aboriginal community including lack of education, poor employment opportunities, elevated drug and alcohol abuse, the improvement of health amongst this community continues to be an uphill battle.Other problems are as a result of the lack of access to health services by some Aboriginal communit ies. This is credited to both the physical distance to such amenities as well as various aspects of cultural insensitivity. Due to the occupation of rural areas by the Aboriginal people, they accessibility to healthcare is hampered by the lack of transport usually resulting in less frequent visits to health professionals. The cultural perception about health and quality of health services also plays a major role in healthcare service provision (Germov, 2004).Indeed, it is noted that the Aborigines are more likely to be influenced by spiritual beliefs such as curses and punishment from alleged transgression than biomedical views on health. As a result, Aboriginal people are more likely to accept the views of traditional healers as opposed to opinions offered by Western health professionals. Other conflicts between traditional Aboriginal views and those provided under the constructs of biomedical provisions include the notion of informed consent especially when an approval is sought t o proceed with a medical procedure.For instance traditional applications of the role of kinship as well as community relationships will take precedence, in the minds of the Aborigines, over that of the sole consent of a patient (McGrath & Phillips, 2008). These cultural differences also expand into the concepts of immediacy and time, the comprehension of health and illness, as well as information on the potential benefits, and harms of treatment especially when a language barrier is present thereby hindering the patient-doctor interaction.In precis of the epidemiological aspects of Aboriginal health, it is noted that the advent of European colonization brought with it the change in the community’s health structure. This was either due to an alteration of the epidemiological dynamics of diseases that were already present including an induction of novel and contagious diseases, or by a change in lifestyle increasing the vulnerability of the indigenous people to such ailments.Ir respective of the sources of the problem, it is noted that the prevalence of health problems is higher in Aborigines than in non-aborigines with inequities arising due to inadequate healthcare for the former, as well as cultural disparities that exist between the two societies and that promote the further segregation of health services among them. When making considerations into the various views held by social theorists to the situations faced by Aborigines, a further analysis can be drawn into the health situation and the disparities faced by this community in relation to that of non-aborigines.Marx’s view of class, work and alienation, is such a theory. This theory has been utilized by many ideologists who have affirmed the presence of an oppressive structure in any society that is maintained by the dominant culture, language or social position (Western & Najman, 2000). The lesser group therefore undergoes manipulation and control at the will of the more ascendant group. T his phenomenon is also noted to traverse generations, cultures and time therefore being present in all societies.To further its causes, the dominant culture promotes its ideologies through education as well as other services provisions which favor the ruling class and keep the lesser group unaware of their rights. Thus the ownership of power of capital maintain structures that provide for the maintenance and concentration of this power among the elite thereby ensuring that it is not lost or watered down with the effects of time. Such structures, according to various social theorists, extend past the constructs of schools and education and even go as far as health provisions such as the case under study (McGrath & Phillips, 2008).In the societal and cultural context of the state of Aboriginal health in Australia, it can be argued that its structure over time has been altered to serve the best interests of the more dominant non-aboriginal communities. As a result, the Aboriginal peopl e have received constant interference, oppression and misinterpretation as to the rights that are provided to them in healthcare as well as other community services that they are entitled to. There are also similarities noted between this form domination and the colonialist tyranny by Europeans over other societies in Africa, South American and parts of East Asia.The main effect of such oppression was the changing of the mindset or perceptions of the indigenous communities as to their rights and the changes they had to make to their traditions (Grbich, 2004). Proponents of this view argue of its accurate assertion on the negative Western attitudes towards cultural aspects and the wellbeing of Aboriginal people and how these have been propagated in all aspects of the society, including healthcare provision.This can therefore be construed as the actions of a dominant culture that reserves its gains in science to not only promote the agenda of this ‘stronger’ community but to also portray the Aborigines as being crushed and submissive. This further alienates the two societies further alienating the Aboriginal people and resulting in cultural insensitivity. Indeed, this has been noted as one of the reasons behind why the Aborigines do not advocate for the use of biomedical options of treatment but opt to stick to traditional forms of healing based more on their spiritual beliefs.The sociological change in relation to this theory can be observed with the Aboriginal approach at self-empowerment in which they aim at gaining the necessary skills to seek their rights thereby gaining security from current and future forms of oppression. This is evident with the acceptance by the Aboriginal communities to not only seek biomedical approaches to treatment but to also comprehend the underlying aspects of science and language that the non-aboriginal communities had used to oppress them in the past.By taking a proactive approach at undertaking research into the h ealth issues affecting them as well as the possible application of their findings into their communities, the Aboriginal people are gaining assurance and assertion from the knowledge of medicine and other forms of science through. As a result, the possibility of improving their health and wellbeing becomes an ever-closer reality (White, 2002). Another perspective that can be adopted scrutinize issues based on Aboriginal health are those proposed by Erving Goffman.This theorist discussed various notions such as stigma, passing, deviance and social control and how these affected social structures and the manner in which individual members of a community interacted with each other. For instance, Goffman affirmed that the prevalence of stigma resulted from the lack of comprehension of an unknown, with this perspective leading to a change of attitude or behavior towards the object under scrutiny. This theorist further described three forms of stigma including physical abominations, imper fections of character, and tribal stigma (Lewis, 2003).Aspects of the latter form can therefore be observed in the provision of healthcare to Aboriginal communities being neglected by the mainstream communities that are predominantly non-aboriginal. This is due to a lack of understanding of the Aboriginal customs and beliefs especially regarding health and illness and the associated forms of treatment. Similarly proponents of the theorist’s views assert the clear observations of aspects of social control against Aboriginal communities in all aspects of the society, and including the healthcare system.In the past, some form of segregation has been observed amongst healthcare providers when offering their services to Aborigines and non-aborigines (Carson et al. , 2007). The poor delivery of health services the former leads to the deplorable health state of this particular community and can be further attributed to the widening gap between the states of health on a community lev el. Providing primary health care to meet specific Aboriginal needs has not been put under consideration with this being a major indicator of the flaws of the system.Various other social theorists have added their diverse views about the state of health of the Aboriginal community in Australia. According to McGrath & Phillips (2008), research into the effects of public health system and especially on the response by various institutions to indigenous public health needs is lacking. At the same time, healthcare provision for aboriginal communities is not directed by the needs of the indigenous people, as it should be, thereby demonstrating a flaw in the power structure between non-aboriginal health experts and Aboriginal health workers.As a result, provision of indigenous health care takes a back seat thereby promoting the already deplorable state of affairs. Such a notion is further promoted by the sociological view that the flaws in the public healthcare systems that are not in the favor of the Aboriginal community, stem from the unbalanced nature of the political economy. According to this perspective, the political and economic relations that exist promote the negative effects noted in the public healthcare system.The asymmetrical access that the Aboriginal people have to the political and economic resources in Australia is therefore translated into various structural and situational disadvantages such as the lack of access to health services by Aboriginal communities. At the same time, the public health system is flawed for dealing with population-based aspects of healthcare in which the population is considered to be asocial.The resultant notion therefore asserts that the public health system assumes that the needs of various communities are similar and that no underlying societal disparities exist (Western & Najman, 2000). The resultant situation is that of a system that deals with the needs of the predominant culture or community which in this case is t hat of the non-aborigines and neglects the needs of the lesser communities. This leads to the lack of appropriate health care for the needs of the Aboriginal people further adding to the poor state of health affairs faced by the indigenous societies.In retrospect, the sociological explanations behind the state of Aboriginal health are noted to be based on flaws in the political and economic structures that provide the basis of public health. As a result, a relation can be further made between the social and political influences and the provision of public healthcare to Indigenous communities. Such flawed structures can therefore be blamed for the poor state of affairs in a situation that can be controlled by an emphasis for health services that cater for the needs of the Aboriginal community.Such systems should also not offer any room to any form of segregation whether as a result of stigma or as a result of forms of oppression by a dominant culture over another that it deems as inf erior. Aboriginal health is indeed an important aspect of health, illness and well-being in Australia that needs consideration. The increasing disparities that are noted between the states of health of Aborigines and non-aborigines provide a sufficient need to worry especially with the differences being added by sociological boundaries that exist in the healthcare system.The changes in social, political and economic attitudes should provide a foundation to improve health services and awareness of the Aboriginal community in order to increase life expectancy, decrease mortality rates at all stages of life, reduce the impact of diseases and enhance the social and emotional well being of members of this and all communities, thereby leading to a unified healthy nation. Works CitedAustralian Bureau of Statistics 2008, The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 2008, Viewed June 3, 2009, Carson, B, Dunbar, T ; Chenhall, RD 2007, Social Determinant s of Indigenous Health, Allen ; Unwin, Sydney Eckersley, R, Dixon, J, Douglas, RM ; Douglas B 2001, The social origins of health and well-being, Cambridge University Press Grbich, C 2004, Health in Australia: Sociological Concepts and Issues, Pearson Longman, Sydney Germov, J 2004, Second opinion: an introduction to Health Sociology, Oxford, Melbourne Lewis, MJ 2003, The People's Health: Public health in Australia, Greenwood Publishing Group, Sydney Lutschini, M 2005, ‘Engaging with holism in Australian Aboriginal health policy – a review’, Australia / New Zealand Health Policy, vol. 2, no. 5, Department of Public Health, University of Melbourne McGrath, P & Phillips, E 2008 ‘Western Notions of Informed Consent and Indigenous Cultures: Australian Findings at the Interface’, Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 21-31 Thomas, RK 2003, Society and health: sociology for health professionals, Springer Publishers, New York Western, JS & Najma n, JM 2000, A sociology of Australian society, Macmillan Education, Sydney White, K 2002, An Introduction to the Sociology of Health and Illness, Sage Publications: London Willis, E 2004, The Sociological Quest: an introduction to the study of social life (4th Ed), Allen & Unwin, Sydney

Essay The Fault in Our Stars by John Green - 1722 Words

In John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars, cancer possess every character in distinctive ways, yet this isn’t the standard cancer book, because according to the protagonist, â€Å"cancer books suck† (Green 3). Or as Gwynne Ellen Ash views the novel as a, â€Å"learning to trust, and to love, while dying [†¦] there is no sap here, no melodrama, no maudlin schmaltz.† This is about being able to cope with existence. It’s the full human experience—filled with the lightheartedness of life and the darkness of cancer. This disease is just that, a disease. It can consume and take over the physical body, but the mind is present. Hazel Grace Lancaster is sixteen years old and has been suffering from terminal thyroid cancer since she was thirteen. Hazel is†¦show more content†¦Augustus teaches her that the pain you cause others when you die is a mark that you mattered. As Augustus writes, â€Å"You don’t get to choose if you get hurt in this world, old man, but you do have some say in who hurts you. I like my choices. I hope she likes hers.† (Green 311). He hurts her but he also affects her life for the better, and with love that will always be with her. With death being inevitable, the fear of what happens after is at hand, and with that the potential that all thats there is, is oblivion. This is Augustus’s phobia, or as he words it, I fear oblivion, [†¦] I fear it like the proverbial blind man whos afraid of the dark. (Green 56). This theme is what motivates Augustuss desire to perform a heroic deed before he dies to validate his significancee. He worries that his significance and his consciousness will be consumed by oblivion after his death. Augustus learns that his importance isn’t being denominated by the fact that his life is temporary, but by his importance to those around him, and that will carry on. The world is not a wish-granting factory is a report repeated several times amongst the novel. The way someone wants things to happen, isn’t usually the way it’s going to happen. Isaac’s girlfriend breaks up with, Augustus is unable to perform a heroic feat, and eventually dies, and Hazel is not far from her death. This theme goes along with the subject of the novel—teenagers dying ofShow MoreRelatedThe Fault in Our Stars by John Green624 Words   |  3 PagesOptimism is an emotion that inspires hopefulness and confidence about the future. Optimism propels people and novels forward. Optimism is a driving force in the novel â€Å"Lord of The Flies† by William Golding and the novel â€Å"The Fault in Our Stars† by John Green. In the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies†,one of the most important emotions is optimism. Without optimism the boys would have no hope that they would make it off the island. At the start of the novel things are not going the boys way, their planeRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fault in Our Stars, published by John Green in January 2012 is a professional, fictional narration of a sixteen year old girl named Hazel Grace Lancaster and her experience with terminal cancer. Hazel was prepared to die until a surgery followed by radiation and chemo at age fourteen shrunk her tumours and bought her a few more years of life. Hazel has a poor outlook on her remaining years with terminal cancer, she does not wish to form any close bonds due to the fact she is afraid of the impactRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green2013 Words   |  9 Pagesnovel, The Fault in Our Stars, John Green describes the hardships, endless love, and a tragedy, th at two teenagers must push through to find their forever. Hazel Lancaster, an intelligent, aware, and selfless young girl, has struggled with cancer since the early age of thirteen. Augustus Waters, a smart, metaphor loving, cancer stricken kid, falls completely in love with Hazel Grace, but a great misfortune cuts their time together short. â€Å"Some infinities are bigger than other infinities (Green, 260).†Read MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe fault in our stars is written by John Green, a popular American writer and vlogger. The novel is narrated by Hazel Grace Lancaster, a sixteen year old cancer patient. Her parents force her to attend a Support group so she can make â€Å"friends†. Hazel gets more than a friend from the support group. She befriends a 17 year old called Augustus Waters, the guy she ends up falling in love with. Augustus Waters really inspired me throughout the novel. He was a very strong character who had a positiveRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green1768 Words   |  8 PagesJournal Entry 1: The Fault In Our Stars by John Green. Entry written by Matt Kruse. How realistic are the characters? Would you want to meet any of the characters in real life? How has the author used exposition to introduce you to the characters? Do you like them? Why or why not? Is there a character that you can relate to better than others? Primarily, all of the characters in The Fault In Our Stars are pretty realistic. Most of the characters act like normal people you could just find everyRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fault in Our Stars is a book written by John Green. This book has many themes like love for the ways that Hazel and Augustus treat one another. There is courage for the way that these teenagers battle cancer and are brave while doing it. Also, another theme is family for the way that Hazel and Augustus’s parents love them, support them, and comfort them with every decision that they make. The main characters in this book are Hazel Grace Lancaster, the narrator of the book who has cancer and knowsRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green1079 Words   |  5 Pages Augustus Waters once said â€Å"I’m on a roller coaster that only goes up, my friend.† (Green, John). Isaac once stated â€Å"There’s nothing you can do about it.† (Green, John). Augustus Waters and Isaac are fictional character from the popular book, â€Å"The Fault in Our Stars†, written by John Green. These quotes show a little bit of these characters personalities. The exciting and emotional book came out January 2012 and since then a movie was released based on it. (Wikipedia). It includes teens sufferingRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green1490 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel, The Fault in Our Stars, the author, John Green, provides the reader with a theme that people tend to differ other people who do not appear to be the same as every other average human being. People would contradict this universal truth, but it cannot be denied. From the onset, Hazel is receiving extra care and attention from her parents and guardians. â€Å"‘Mom† I shouted. Nothing. Again, louder, â€Å"MOM!† She ran in wearing a threadbare pink towel under her armpits, dripping, vaguely panickedRead MoreThe Fault in Our Stars: John Green1819 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"That’s the thing about pain†¦ it demands to be felt† John Green eloquently states in the tear-jerking novel The Fault in Our Stars. Ask anyone who read the book about the supporting character, charming Augustus Grey, and quickly witness an almost physical wave of acrimony and nostalgia pass over them. Green’s unique ability to demand compassion from the reader through his cleverly compiled diction forces the reader to feel the extreme pain his characters are faced against. Pain brings people togetherRead MoreThe Fault in Our Stars by John Green2159 Words   |  9 Pagesis invited over to his house to watch a movie. Although , he pulls out a cigarette and Hazel freaks out to which he explains that it is a metaphor, â€Å"You put the killing thing right between your teeth, but don’t give it the power to do its killing† (Green 20). Once at his house Hazel begins to feel not to different from other girls, yet by the time they say goodbye, she cannot get the thought of him out of her head. Hazel shares a book with Augustus and he shares one with her. She quickly reads through

The Seneca Oil Company - 2052 Words

In 1859 Edwin Drake and E. B. Bowditch of the Seneca Oil Company drilled the first commercial oil well in the United States in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The well produces about 500 gallons of oil a day and over time has increased. Soon, similar wells all over western Pennsylvania were providing crude oil for kerosene production that was needed to fuel the nation s streetlights and house lamps. â€Å"The lighter boiling component, gasoline, was discarded, since it had no market. There are historical reports that waste gasoline, which had been dumped into rivers, sometimes caught fire. In 1892 the first gasoline-powered engines, for both car and tractor, were developed: This soon provided a market for the once useless substance, gasoline†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦But the key fact that’s missing from all the ranting and raving is the rate of inflation. â€Å"The simple definition of inflation according to Dictionary.com is: â€Å"A rise in the general level of price s of goods and services in an economy over a period of time†. At the end of World War I, average annual income was only $1,500. Currently, annual income is around $50,000† (Samuel R. Avro 2015). Gas prices in 1917 were $0.17 and fell dramatically over the next few years due to the process of inflation and stock market crashes. In 1931 as nominal prices fell from 30 cents a gallon in 1920 to 17 cents in 1931. In 11 years prices fell 43%. But we have to remember that 1931 was the beginning of the â€Å"Great Depression† and overall prices fell 24% during the same period. More interesting than that, gas prices due to inflation were actually cheaper in January 2015 than they were in the Great Depression. Although the Great Depression left many in debt, foreclosure and struggling from day to day, gas was still one of the most prominent things purchased. Buses, fairies, and taxis gained more publicity but gas still took over. The demand for more vehicles caused the demand for more gasoline. There was a need for new and more unique fuels to go along with the new kinds of vehicles being made at the time. In the 20th century, vehicles that were being accessed by people required some but not many fuels that caused the need for petroleum to be used as a raw material.

Line by Line Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken

Line by Line Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, The key word here is two. Throughout our lives we constantly face decisions where we have two choices. Even when it seems there is only one choice, we can decide either to DO it, or NOT do it; so there are STILL two alternatives. And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood Then there are times we wish we could do BOTH; HAVE our cake and eat it too! We know we cant, so we must agonize over the choices; weigh the possibilities. And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim,†¦show more content†¦Or have we just leveled the playing field? And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Is it frightening to us that few people have taken EITHER path? What unknowns lurk beyond the next bend? Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. Well, if this one doesnt work out, Ill try the other one; or maybe Ill try it one day anyway, just to see if it is better. Or maybe not. Have you ever heard of a round tuit? Ill do it when I get around to it. Sometimes you KNOW, you just KNOW that you never will! Round tuits come in a roll, like a loaf of bread. You slice them off as you go, and eventually you come to the heel of the loaf. Yes, there is an end tuit! We DO run out of time. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood and I -- Sometime down the line we may look back and reflect upon this. We may never know if the other choice would have been better, or if it would even have been any different at all. Chances are, well discover that it really hasnt been so bad after all. (This is where I would sigh.). Id wonder, if I had it all to do over again, wouldnt I do it exactly the same way. Or if I had gone the other way, wouldnt I be sitting here asking myself how THIS path would have turned out, had I gone THIS way? Whatever the result, it was thatShow MoreRelatedRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helpedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has been up for debate since the poem release in 1916. It is known to be one of the most frequently misinterpreted poems of all time, and even Robert Frost himself has said the poem is â€Å"tricky† to comprehend (The). When analyzing this poem many readers tend to focus only on the last lines of the poem and get caught in a trap of selective-interpretation. Quite a few people after reading Robert Frost’s poem firmly conclude that this poem is aboutRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost912 Words   |  4 Pageswhat could have been? Profound poet Robert Frost depicts this dilemma in his poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken. The Road Not Taken is a narrative poem consisting of four stanzas of iambic tetrameter and was published in 1916 in the collection Mountain Interval. In this poem, Robert Frost uses title, imagery, and theme to complicate and lead the reader to unknowingly misunderstand the poem. Through careful explication of these elements of Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† one may discover the true meaning toRead MoreEssay about The Life of Robert Frost1404 Words   |  6 PagesROBERT FROST â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I- I took the road less traveled† How did Robert Frost take the road less traveled in his life? Frost was a poet who lived a hard life. With 6 kids and a wife, he had a lot of people to provide for. He was a man who wore many hats, being a dad, husband, poet, and farmer. Robert was an incredibly gifted man who wrote many famous poems. Robert Frost, a great American poet lived a humble life and changed the world with his profound writing abilityRead MoreEssay about Critical Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken1228 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken The speaker in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken gives the reader insight into human nature with each line of poetry. While, Frost had not originally intended for this to be an inspirational poem, line by line, the speaker is encouraging each reader to seek out his or her own personal path in the journey of life. Romanticizing the rural woods of New England creates the perfect setting for the theme of self-discovery laid out and describedRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhile gazing at the farmland on the rural outskirts of Derry, NH, Robert Frost created an American masterpiece. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, is a dynamic and deep poem orchestrated to perfection. However, equal to its acclaim, is the misunderstanding of the poem. A piece of literature of this stature deserves to be under the microscope of our classes critical discussions. I believe that the time would be beneficial to everyone. Giving a breath of fresh air to a poem that has be en abused by Hallmark cardsRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Roads, Two Choices, One Decision â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† written by Robert Frost, discusses a traveler who has to make a choice between two roads. In the first stanza, the traveler remembers standing at an intersection of two roads. Indecisive about which road to take, he seems to believe that one of the roads would be more beneficial to him (Lee 5). In stanza two, the narrator refers to the traveler’s unexpected decision to take the other road by giving details of it. In addition, the narratorRead MoreModern F. Robert Frost1547 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Ahlman Charles Vogel English 2520-601 Due Date: November 9th, 2015 Robert Frost: Modern Multiplicity Robert Frost is a multiple poet. –Louis Untermeyer What is customary and, therefore, stereotypical of modern artistic thought is the belief that only one central meaning can be gathered from any one reading; that these singular interpretations support, give credence and justify hegemonic forces or grand narratives in society. Defining the term â€Å"modern† in his work The Postmodern Condition:Read MoreAnalysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesThesis Robert Frosts â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is more symbolic of a choice one must make in their life in attempt to foresee the outcome before reaching the end, than it is about choosing the right path in the woods. Describe the literal scene and situation. The literal scene of Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken, is described as a â€Å"yellowed wood† (Arp Johnson, 2009). Use of this description could be that fall is upon the wood or the trees perhaps once white have yellowed with age. Before theRead More An Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken In The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost, many questions arose about the meaning of the poem. One common interpretation of the poem about assertion of individualism, where the speaker is taking the road not traveled so that he can assert his individualism, is a nice interpretation. However, I believe that the speaker is really having a hard time making up his mind, and the poem is a conversation with himself trying to rationalize his decision

Economic Cooperation and Development - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Economic Cooperation and Development. Answer: Introduction Subsidies are benefits offered by the government to sectors of the economy, individuals or groups. Notably, most governments have offered subsidies in a bid to revive or expand various industries in their economies. Predominantly, subsidies have impacted positively and negatively on the economy and its inhabitants. Similarly, subsidies in the Agricultural, automobile and solar and wind industry are no exception. However, the effectiveness of the subsidies is subjective to each industry. Further, reductions in subsidies have negatively affected the economy and inhabitants of individual countries. Positive Effects of subsidies in Australia Noteworthy, the Australian government has proposed availability of financial assistance to low-income farmers similar to start-up allowance to the unemployed through the Farm Household Allowance. Further, the condition for the allowance to encourage future preparedness and better farm management. This subsidy is aimed at bettering the economic livelihood of farmers and their families while securing future agricultural viability (Freebairn, 2014) Moreover, the subsidy during the drought season has created wealth redistribution among the Australian people. Consequently, farming policies have an effect on the overall population because government revenue collected through taxation is part of the subsidy expenditure. Mostly, large-scale farmers benefit more from subsidies as compared to small time farmers. Overall, the citizens of each country have to pay taxes to support government expenditure and programs (Reidl, 2007) Notably, most member countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and development have implemented car industry subsidies through subsidized credit facilities and bonuses for the purchase of new models of cars in a bid to replace the old automotive models. Further, this has encouraged the production of energy-efficient automobiles through the various subsidy packages. Notably, In Australia, the scrapping system involves tax deductions by 50% deduction for assets cost between December 2008 to 31 December 2009.Moreover,30% deduction cost on asset bought before June and July 2009. Noteworthy, the Australian Automotive industry has been boosted by the Implementation of the Automotive Transformation Scheme since the year 2008.The scheme has been incorporated to boost innovative initiates in the industry through offering financial support to research and development efforts.Further,$1.0b has been set aside to boost manufacturing and supply company operations .Also, the implementation of the growth fund by the government of Australia has helped maintain employment opportunities in Victoria. Moreover, Holden and Toyota firms have also contributed to the growth fund to stir investment and economic progress (Lee, n.d.) Also, employment subsidies, training, and equipment have been provided by the Australian government to boost worker skills and performance in the automobile industry through its employment Pathway fund thus maintaining job employment opportunities while promoting efficiency and productivity through training and better equipment in the automobile industry in Australia. Further, technological advancement has been propelled in the Australian automotive industry through the manufacturing transition program. Through government funding of $50 million. Significantly, competitiveness of Australian Automotive products has been boosted through this transition grants scheme. Also, more energy efficient automobiles were purchased during that time thereby promoting environmental sustainability and increasing government revenue at the time.Further,some OECD governments have availed loans and subsidies to car manufacturers firms directly to encourage more quality production and boost their individual revenues by reducing their production costs through loan accessibility. Noteworthy, General motors received loans and subsidies from the United States Government to reconstrure (OECD, n.d.) Moreover, the use of subsidies has encouraged research and development thus the technological advancements in the field of agriculture(Clay,2013)In addition, the availability of subsidies and grants in the automobile industry in Australia has promoted efficiency, productivity and high-quality production of automobiles hence promoting global competitiveness and promoting energy efficient automobiles thus sustainability and environmental conservation(Lee,n.d)Also, diversification has been a product of government subsidy funding through the Australian Diversification program which has equipped automobile suppliers with an easy product transition. Noteworthy, the implementation of subsidies has prevented the collapse of some industries and dislocation of economic prospects in some industries (Janda,2013) Subsidies have maintained employment opportunities in industries which without the injection of subsidies would have closed permanently. In Australia, the mining and automotive industry is struggling and due to government intervention through subsidy packages has kept them afloat. Notably, the Australian government invested $5.4 b in sustaining the automobile industry since 2008. Effects of Solar and Wind Energy Subsidies. Globally, wind and solar energy methods are being adopted due to their environmental friendliness. Notably, in Australia, 42% of the total energy is through solar and wind energy.Predominantly,wind and solar subsidies have created employment opportunities for the unemployed in Australia. Further, government subsidies on solar and wind has encouraged private investors into the wind and solar energy industry(Loomborg,2015).Negatively, expansion of wind and solar facilities through easy availability of subsidies has made prices for power to be threefold expensive. The population ends up paying for power, subsidies for inefficient renewables and fossils fuels that are inefficient. Sustainability is one of the benefits of involving subsidies into the wind and solar energy because here investments is self-sustaining due to the present and future availability of solar and wind.Inevitably, wind and solar are current and future conditions that once s established will go away to conserve the environment and provide friendly energy supply. (Maehlum, 2014)Further, environment friendliness of solar and wind power energy has been expanded by government subsidies to providers of solar and wind power energy. Implementation of subsidies has enabled easy and affordable access to electricity by both rich and poor thereby promoting equity and redistribution of income through electricity charges. Standard electricity charges powered by solar and wind energy has proven the equality of charges despite the income disparities among Australian electricity consumers. However, transparency and accountability of subsidies allocation, distribution and are hardly attainable in most industries globally and Australia is no exception (Mineral Council of Australia, 2015)Also, the cost of subsidies in the electricity sector in Australia is borne by electricity users which is a burden to some electricity consumers due to income disparities. Notably, electrical surcharges are a cost transference from the government to consumers through electricity use. The government seeks to recover subsidy costs from electricity users in Australia. Significantly, most agricultural based subsidies in Australia are drought based. The seasonality of the subsidies has hampered agricultural quality and produce during most cycles of the year due to its centrality on drought times. Further, these seasonal subsidies are viewed as solely benefiting private individuals and spreading the losses socially.Also, reduced return variations are inevitable over a period of time. Notably, redistribution of national resources which are scarce is reduced to lower value use. Also, these seasonal subsidies have discouraged active future planning of the adverse conditions of nature thereby slowing agricultural adaptability. Arguably, agricultural subsidies are credited for reducing global prices for agricultural produce (Clay, 2013) Further, poverty and unfair profits between large and small scale farmers has been attributed to the high cost of subsidies in the United States of America. Moreover, subsidies are a disincentive for efficiency. Also, agricultural subsidies are overused through excessive use of fertilizers and chemicals thereby distorting the environment, food and national security (Clay, 2013)Inappropriate subsidy use results into inefficiency and unsustainability of the agricultural sector. Also, low economic growth can be affected by continued use of subsidies in agriculture. Sometimes, the abrupt unavailability of subsidies can hamper industry operations and individual firms in that industry (Valenzuela,2014)Notably, the Ford group in Australia is winding up its operations by 2017 thus translating to a loss of employment opportunities and revenue loss for the Australian government. Inevitably, subsidies contribute to market inefficiency and reduced welfare socially.Similarly, Toyota and Holden companies in Australia are contemplating closure in the eventuality that subsidies are not availed to then thus the assertion that lack of subsidies could prompt closure of some firms. Consequently, with the closure of automobile firms like Holden and Toyota then a substantial population of Australia are likely to lose their jobs(Kohler,2013)Subsequently, global automobile production is likely to reduce following the closure of global major car manufacturers. Despite the influx of subsidies, the automobile industry in Australia s future doesnt seem bright thus the assertion that subsidies are not always effective in boosting a collapsing industry (Kafla and Gollan,2012)Further, job opportunities in the manufacturing industry are decreasing as opposed to growing. Evidently, the automobile manufacturing industry in Australia is unlikely to sustain its operations without the subsidies thereby questioning the effectiveness of subsidies being injected into this sector(Kafla and Gallen,2012)Further ,some economists argue that the automotive sector in Australia shouldn't receive subsidies because it is considered expensive for tax payers and unlikely to revive the declining manufacturing sector(Australian Associated Press,2014)Subsidies ought to be replaced by economic and regulatory measures and policies. Subsidies are not always effective in solving industry problems. Positive effects of Subsidies Noteworthy, the European Union Agricultural policy boosted the farmers income. Notably, Common Agricultural Policy contributed 3b to the United Kingdom totaling to about 55% of its farmer's income. Thus the income rise of farmers due to subsidies being available under the European Union(Bloomberg,2016)Environmentally, most agricultural subsidies have made positive impacts(Cropsite,2015)Noteworthy, organic agriculture incentives have preserves soil fertility and promoted healthy produce, helped maintain fresh air quality and reduction in the volume of greenhouse gases thus promoting biodiversity. Significantly, financial incentives to farmers have promoted environmental conservation. Noteworthy, environment based incentives have caused an increase in bird population and low greenhouses gas emissions from the agriculture industry. Further, innovative incentives have progressed the research and development activities in agriculture. Also, income increase for farmers in most European countries has increased revenue for both government and farmer households(Godsen,2016)Notably, the Common Agricultural Policy offers financial aid to 12million farmers in the European territory. Significantly, the agricultural policy has increased global market prices for agricultural produce which translates into income revenue increase for farmers thus improving the economic living standards of farmers. Further, through the policy,There's been increase in production of agricultural produce thus meaning food security for most countries in the world, through import and exports(Godsen,2015)Also, the exit of Britain from the European Union has made subsidies injection to significantly drop hence some agri-based ventures have closed and unemployment opportunities reduced. In addition, a research and development capacity in the United Kingdom has greatly decreased due to the funding shortage from the common agricultural policy. Due to the impact of the common agricultural policy benefits the United kingdoms productivity and agricultural competitiveness will reduce due to the lack of substantial subsidies and incentives from the European Union membership regime(Krasniqi,2016)Further, high subsidies has distorted the global market thus causing hiked prices for agricultural produce. For instance, a Switzerland high subsidy by its government has made productivity levels to decrease and meat price hikes. However, Australia has low subsidies thus it has a sustainable agricultural industry. Following the exit of Britain from the European Union, farmers are likely to face tough times due to the possible discontinuance of the common Agricultural Policy(Bloomberg,2016)However, the United Kingdom government has committed to mitigating financial challenges of farmers following its falling out with the European Union. Availability of subsidies has been blamed for hampering agricultural production due to the fact that in the United kingdom subsidies and funds are allocated to each farmer according to what they produce which some view as a disincentive for encouraging further production but stagnating it. In addition, subsidies may not go along the way to boost the agricultural production in the case of unfavorable and unsustainable agricultural climates and land. Subsidies are likely to have a major impact in the case where agriculture has been adequately invested in terms of land, infrastructure, climate,storage facilities and available market. Further, subsidies offered due to membership such as Commonwealth or the European Union is likely to distort the stability of farmers dependent on those membership grants. For instance, farmers in Britain following the Brexit. Further, subsidies are considered a short-term solution to farming problems. Arguably, subsidies ought to boost agriculture where a farmer is adequately trained and skilled in agriculture, has the ability to handle environmental challenges and has the ability to adapt innovative and creative ways to deal with farming-related problems. However, most farmers are inadequately prepared to handle environmental and workplace challenges hence resulting into poor agricultural performance despite the subsidies availed to him or her. Eventually, agricultural productivity and mass and quality production requires farmers to have a certain skillset despite subsidies. Also, availability of subsidies has created overdependence by most farmers thus the challenge when economic terms are hard. Naturally, subsidies should be view as an aid to agriculture and not a dependent factor by farmers worldwide. Overdependence on subsidies has encouraged laziness, poor economic decisions by farmers thereby translating to low quality, low produce levels thereby discouraging growth and innovation of agriculture. Also, reduced income may result in cases where subsidies are withdrawn. For instance, Brexit exist may affect the Common Agricultural policy contribution to the United Kingdom farmers (Godsen, 2015) Subsequently, the unavailability of subsidies can lead to unemployment opportunities due to the closure of major automobile manufacturers dependent on subsidies. Notably, Ford Australia has laid off 44O workers following its winding up operations(Bolsworth,2012).Also, accessibility of subsidies to automobile firms has encouraged competitiveness due to research and development activities by individual firms in the industry. Usually, large-scale companies are likely to engage in research and development initiatives due to their large economies of scale and other merits. Similarly, through subsidies, smaller automobile firms have been able to engage in research and development activities thereby boosting efficiency and productivity. According to most economists, automobile subsidies does have many positive impacts instead it increases taxation burden for the citizens whereas its positive impacts are short lived. Further, some economists argue that subsidies in various industries are for political reasons and favorability thus uplifting certain industries at the expense of other industries (Kohler, 2012) Compensation for the automotive industry in the United Kingdom is an example of how costly compensation for subsidies can be. Following the Exit of Britain from the European Union, the government of the United Kingdom has to pay automobile industry due to the Brexit exportation tariffs. Noteworthy, the Nissan Motor automaker claims compensation before making any commitments to further investing in the United Kingdom through a compensation guarantee(Bergin,2016)According to Kevin Farnsworth an author on government subsidies, government subsidies to the automotive industry following the Brexit would be the most expensive in the history of the United Kingdom thereby increasing tax burden on citizens. Notably, the quantity of subsidy affects the pricing of commodities invested in thereby directly affecting consumers. According to the Guardian, the solar power capacity fell following the 65% budget cut(Vaughan,2016)Predominantly, the subsidy cut was motivated by the need to lessen cost burden on electricity consumers. The subsidy cut has discouraged further investment into the solar and wind market in the United Kingdom due to the less financial incentives available to new entrants into the industry. However, energy prices are consumer friendly. Positively, subsidy cuts have been able to reduce cost burdens on consumers of electricity(Mathiesen,2016)However, on and industry development point of view, subsidy cuts will slow down the growth of solar and wind energy in the United Kingdom. Further, unemployment opportunities have increased due to subsidy cuts which have limited the operation capacities for most solar and wind energy plants in Australia. Inevitably, the confidence of investors to venture into the solar and wind power energy industry is shaken by government subsidy cuts and deductions whereas the reverse is true. Remarkedly, solar and wind power subsidies have boosted the electricity supply thereby causing a drop in the energy prices.Undoubtedly,low energy prices are consumer pocket-friendly.Notably, power stations in the United Kingdom are offering their power for sale. Friendly energy prices are attributed to renewable sources of energy. However, less energy prices could in turn translate to low government revenue but on the bright side most of the United Kingdom population will have affordable access to basic power. Notably, the United Kingdom has 22 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity (Mathieson, 2016).Further, the expansion of the wind and a solar energy firm through subsidies has afforded job opportunities to a portion of United Kingdoms population. Subsequently, employment opportunities have been lost through the subsidy cuts and lost of investment capital and infrastructure belonging to investors rendered obsolete with the winding up of solar and wind energy firms in the United Kingdom (Kemp, 2015).Predominantly, this has been attributed to government percentage withdrawal of incentives. However, the United Kingdom intends to make its industry subsidy free by the year 2020.Also, green energy pricing levels have gone down since the year 2008.Positively, the windfarm construction in Cornwall has created job opportunities in Cornwall without any government subsidy. Further, the withdrawal of government subsidies has discouraged future prospects of investors into the United Kingdom economy with the mothballing of projects and company closures. Conclusion Undeniably, the implementation of subsidies in various sectors of the economy of Australia and the United Kingdom has had both negative and positive effects. Some of the impacts of subsidies are temporary or permanent. In some cases, the subsidies havent been able to revive the industry, especially the automotive sectors in both Australia and the United Kingdom. However, the financial assistance by the government to the solar and wind energy sectors has decreased thereby causing investment anxiety among new and existing investors. Further, the reduction of subsidies has led to the closure of some companies and abandoned underway infrastructure which isnt good for economic growth. Arguably, subsidies are beneficial and distortive to economic growth. Overdependence on subsidies has led to collapse and decline in some key industries in most economies. References Australian Associated Press.(2014)Car Industry subsidies should end, says productivity commission.The Guardian.[Online]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/31/car-industry-subsidies-end-productivity-commission[Accessed 8 May 2017] Bergin, T.(2016)Brexit Subsidies for Automakers could top $1.24 Billion. Auto news .[Online[Available at Http://europe.autonews.com/article/20161103/ANE/161109948/brexit-subsidies-for-automakers-could-top-$1.24-billion[Accessed 8 May 2017] Bloomberg (2016) UK Agriculture: Britains Farmers will need help after Brexit .Financial Times.[Online]Available at https://www.ft.com/content/df151906-6616-11e6-a08a-c7ac04ef00aa[Accessed 8 May 2017] Bosworth, M.(2012) Car subsidies: Throwing Good Money after Bad .ABC News.[Online]Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-19/bosworth-car-subsidies/4141710[Accessed 8 May 2017] Clark, P.(2016)UK Power prices go negative as Renewables Boom Distorts market .Financial Times.[Online]Available at https://www.ft.com/content/5164675e-1e7e-11e6-b286-cddde55ca122[Accessed 8 May 2017] Clay, J.(2013)Are Agricultural subsidies causing more harm than good? The Guardian.[Online]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/agricultural-subsidies-reform-government-support[Accessed 8 May 2017] Cropsite. (2015) Farm Environment subsidies have a positive effect. Crop site. [Online]Available at https://www.thecropsite.com/news/17684/farm-environment-subsidies-have-positive effect [Accessed 8 May 2017] Freebairn, J.(2014)Help Farmers with direct assistance rather than Subsidies .The Conversation.[Online]Available at https://theconversation.com/help-farmers-with-direct-assistance-rather-than-subsidies-23021[Accessed 8 May 2017] Godsen, E.(2016)What would Brexit mean for farmers and the Common Agricultural Policy?. The Telegraph.[Online]Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/13/what-would-brexit-mean-for-farmers-and-the-common-agricultural-p/[Accessed 8 May 2017] Harvey, F.(2016)Good energy promises UKs First Subsidy-free Wind farm. The Guardian.[Online ]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/02/good-energy-promises-uks-first-subsidy-free-windfarm[Accessed 8 may 2017] Kalfa, S and Gollan, P.(2012)Concentrating on the costs of the car industry means we are failing to see the Benefits. The Conversation.[Online]Available at https://theconversation.com/concentrating-on-the-costs-of-the-car-industry-means-we-are-failing-to-see-the-benefits-10503[Accessed 8 May 2017] Janda, M .(2013)Good Economics or not, auto subsidies should stay. ABC News. [Online]Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-22/janda-auto-subsidies-should-stay-for-now/4640226[Accessed 8 May 2017] Kemp, M.G.(2015)UK Governments energy policy is self-destructive and bad for Scotland .BusinessforScotland. [Online]Available at https://www.businessforscotland.com/uk-governments-energy-policy-is-self-destructive-and-bad-for-scotland/[Accessed 8 May 2017] Krasnqi, F.(2016)Can removing subsidies in Farming be Positive after Brexit?. The Huffington Post.[Online]Available at https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/fjona-krasniqi/can-removing-subsidies-in_b_12512046.html[Accessed 8 May 2017] Kohler, A.(2013) Subsidising the car industry to death. ABC News. [Online]Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-16/kohler-car-industry/5025360[Accessed 8 May 2017] Lee, M.(n.d.)Automotive Industry Package: Budger Review 2014-15 Index. Parliament of Australia.[Online]Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201415/Automotive[Accessed 8 May 2017] Lomborg, B.(2015)Counting the cost of Wind and Solar .The Australian.[Online]Available at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/bjorn-lomborg/counting-the-cost-of-wind-and-solar/news-story/318ba96f7765c25792f1ff184051e8c6[Accessed 8 May 2017] Maehlum, A-M.(2014)Solar Energy Pros and Cons .Energy Informative.[Online]Available at https://energyinformative.org/solar-energy-pros-and-cons/[Accessed 8 May 2017] Mathiesen, K.(2015)How will government Subsidy Cut Impact the UK s Solar Industry. The Guardian.[Online]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/22/how-will-government-subsidy-cuts-impact-the-uks-solar-industry[Accessed 8 May 2017] Minerals Council of Australia.(2015)Electricity Production subsidies in Australia. Mineral Council Of Australia.[Online]Available at https://www.minerals.org.au/file_upload/files/media_releases/Electricity_production_subsidies_in_Australia_FINAL.pdf[Accessed 8 May 2017] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.(n.d)The Automobile industry in and Beyond the crisis .Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.[Online]Available at https://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/44089863.pdf[Accessed 8 May 2017] Reidl, B.(2007)How farm subsidies Harm taxpayers,consumers, and farmers, Too.The Heritage Foundation.[Online]Available at https://www.heritage.org/agriculture/report/how-farm-subsidies-harm-taxpayers-consumers-and-farmers-too[Accessed 8 May 2017] Valenzuela, R.(2014)How Industry Subsidies Work .The Sydney Morning Herald.[Online]Available at https://www.smh.com.au/national/education/how-industry-subsidies-work-20140206-325l7.html[Accessed 8 May 2017] Vaughan, A.(2016)UK Solar Power installations plummet after government cuts .The Guardian.[Online]Available at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/08/solar-installation-in-british-homes-falls-by-three-quarters-after-subsidy-cuts[Accessed 8 May 2017]

Psychological Impact Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism

Introduction People live in constant interaction with each other, they belong to the world society, therefore, all the processes which happen in the world impact people. It should be mentioned that the role of stereotyping, prejudice, and racism in the psychological development, distress, and behavior on a culturally diverse individual is great.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Impact: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of then main reasons why stereotyping, prejudice, and racism influence human behavior is the fact that they are the social processes which are inevitable while the formation of human beings. Even though it has been proven that all these processes may be controlled, they still influence human behavior and psychological development (Fiske, 1998). Considering stereotyping, prejudice, and racism as the part of a psychological development, dist ress, and behavior on a culturally diverse individual, the changes in human being are going to be discussed under the influence of these social issues. Stereotypes Stereotypes are formed the basis of the already existing model of behavior, therefore, the social relations is the main reason for stereotypes creation. Depending on the society people live at, their stereotyped behavior maybe either more or less developed. However, these stereotypes influence the behavior of people and their mode of thinking. Being influenced by one of the stereotypes, people grow up under the impact of that stereotype, therefore, they cannot think in another way. Imagining the situation when the society is free from any prejudices, the role of stereotyping would not be even discussed. Stereotype is the way people think, but the very ideas are given by the society. Even a person with culturally diverse vision of the life is subjected to stereotypes (Sherman, 1996). Considering the problem of stereotyping in detail, it should be mentioned that stereotypes influence human behavior through the way of their thinking, through the level of priorities and other attitudes. Human psychology is not studies up to the end, however, it is obvious that living in the society with the stereotype vision of the East as the country where women are oppressed, it is difficult to change this opinion even when a person goes to that country, the role of stereotype is too high. Western people do not know Eastern culture, however, they try to judge it on the basis of the world experience.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prejudice Stereotypes may be confused with prejudice, however, this is incorrect. The difference between stereotypes and prejudices is slight, however, it exist. Stereotype is the vision of a society of various issues, both positive and negative, while prejudice in the society reflec ts negative vision of some issues. Even though the problem of prejudiced attitude to some particular problems in the society has not been studies up to the end, it is obvious that all of the prejudices in the society were created as the reaction to or reflection on the specific circumstances which existed in the society. Projection, frustration, scapegoating, and displacement of hostility are the psychodynamic processes which take part in prejudiced attitude formation and therefore, influence human behavior (Duckitt, 1992). Of course, human behavior and the way of thinking changes under the influence of prejudiced opinion of the whole society. Having become a strong prejudice, some issues have become stereotypes. The events and circumstances have changed dramatically since the time of the prejudice appearance, however, people still continue to think in a prejudiced way. Racial discrimination is one of such examples. Racism Racial discrimination is both a prejudice and a stereotype o f a modern American society. The problem of racism should have already been eliminated, however, due to the stereotypes and prejudice, the problem of racial discrimination still exists. Racism as a problem appeared as the result of the social, cultural, psychological issues existed in the society. Under some specific circumstances many years ago race was an important identifier of a human position in the society. The situation has changed, people have become equal, however, we still speak about racism as a negative issue. This is the point for stereotyping. Of course, living in the modern world, we are unable to avoid the problem of race absolutely, nevertheless, the problem deserves attention due to its wry vision. Racism in its initial nature should mean the diversity of raced which exist in this world, but when we speak about racism in the USA we usually refer to Black people and their limited opportunities in relation to their White peers. African American ethnicity still remain s another one even though racial discrimination has officially been restricted (Bridges, 2010). African American students want to be like the white students that make those lower. It is the problem of the whole mankind, as prejudice and stereotypes leave racism a real problem. Human behavior cannot change in the relation to racism and discrimination until stereotypes of the past and prejudice exist in this world. Conclusion Therefore, it should be concluded that human behavior changes with the change of priorities. However, living in the world with the same stereotypes and prejudices, human behavior is not going to change. People are dependant on the society, all the processes which occur in the society influence their behavior.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Impact: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Fiske, S. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudic e and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, G. Lindzey (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 357-445).Oxford: Oxford University Press. Duckitt, J. H. (1992). Psychology and prejudice: A historical analysis and integrative framework. American Psychologist, 47(10), 1182-1193. Bridges, E. (2010). Racial identity development and psychological coping strategies of African American males at a predominantly white university. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 13(1), 14-26. Sherman, J. W. (1996). Development and mental representation of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1126-1141. This research paper on Psychological Impact: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism was written and submitted by user Charleigh Guthrie to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.