Value configuration of argos Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Worth arrangement of argos - Research Paper Example shopping entirely available to their customers with the availability of sets for riding prior to visiting the stores ,the assortments are open as printed copies for instance, the low value DVDs and CDs.This reasonableness of shopping with the Argos stretches to the foundation of home appropriation for versatile requests and online acquisitions at brought down costs. The customers who are enlisted to Argos site profits by 5% limits on the total Argos assortment and some monies to use in Argos and site stores possible on their reliability cards. Argos bargains in stocks care to the customer, for example, breakdown care, hardware care and substitution produce care. For simple induction of the company’s highlights and creates, Argos has built up beta Widget which conveys a snappier and simpler access to the primary highlights of Argos.co.uk which contained the quest for their state-of-the-art offers, costs and the wide product extend. To propel paces of trade, drive produces deals and progress their establishments, Argos connected with the Zoocha to develop the client capable structure. Argos has promoted genuinely in advanced commitment and set up better approaches to impact its immense store assortment in a retail air, this is because of the just propelled five-year upheaval plan which marks Argos as a computerized leader in the corporate market. This has prompted the improvement of Argos items buy since customers could visit the Argos site through cell phones and surf for items and behaviors buy .It advances to the customers in view of the enrichment of 16% rebate of the general buys coordinated through the telephones. , Argos declares an advanced form of its Christmas present guide that abuses new skill and rich substance to convey teaming up methods of spending for its clients (www.argos.co.uk ,2014). Also, the list sort of the blessing controller is utilizing enlarged reality to lift game plan stages further.Interms of skill Argos

Merger And Acquisitions Of The Apple Company Commerce Essay

Merger And Acquisitions Of The Apple Company Commerce Essay Macintosh is an American worldwide association that structure and fabricates programs, shopper hardware and business servers. The organization is most popular about equipment items. Built up in April 1, 1976 and called Apple Computer, Inc. Macintosh Computer, Inc. situated in Cupertino, California, plans, produces, and markets (PCs) and related programming, peripherals, and individualized computing and conveying arrangements. Apple is a subsidiary of the SP 500 and the NASDAQ 100. Its merchandise incorporate the Macintosh parade of work area and scratch pad PCs, the Mac OS X working plan, the iPod advanced tune player, and an assortment of programming and negligible items for educating, unique, client, and business customers. Apple sells its items during its online supplies, direct deals power, delegate wholesalers and affiliates, and its having retail supplies. Since of September 24, 2005, Apple work 116 stores in the United States, and 8 extra supplies in Canada, Japan, and the UK. In adding to its own equipment and programming items, Apples retail supplies hold a decent variety of middle person equipment and programming items. Incomes for the time finishing September 2005 were $13.9 billion, up 69 percent from September 2004 and up 124 percent starting September 2003. Macintosh Computer is devoted to cautious the environmental factors, quality and wellbeing of our workforce, customers and the overall social orders where we control. We realize that by incorporating reverberation environmental, wellness and security organization rehearses into all component of our exchange, we can recommend innovatively imaginative items and administrations while safeguard and alluring assets for future creations. Apple battle for everlasting upgrade in our biological, wellness and security organization frameworks and in the ecological greatness of our items, strategy and administrations. Apple has built up a novel notoriety in the purchaser gadgets industry. 1. Conditions IN WHICH MERGER ACQUISION ACTIVITY THE OPTIMAL ENTRY MODE INTO A NEW INTERNATIONAL MARKET. Cross-Border Merger Acquisitions execution is a craftsmanship, not a science. Every circumstance is one of a kind and presents its own arrangement of issues and potential arrangements yet it is in truth suitable vehicles for global methodology. Source: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mergerandacquisitions.asp The globalization of business over the previous decade has brought forth a quest for upper hand that is worldwide in scale. Organizations have followed their clients who are going worldwide themselves as they react to the weights of getting scale in a quickly combining worldwide economy. In blend with different patterns, for example, expanded deregulation, privatization, and corporate rebuilding, globalization has prodded an extraordinary flood in cross-fringe amalgamation and procurement action. Cross-fringe mergers and acquisitions are a fundamental piece of the accelerate productive globalization within recent memory. Cross-fringe business bargain amount currently represent around 33% of overall MA action and this figure will just enlarge as business overall keeps on expanding. The compound legal issues to be dealt with in such business bargain incorporate the administration of different impression of business authority and capital market framework in the laws worried, as reflect by the solid talk about on MA law creation inside the European Union. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) and organization change are a major division of the corporate fund world. Each day, Wall Street investment funds financiers sort out MA dealings,â which transport Divide companies jointlyâ to formâ bigger ones. When theyre not creating huge enterprises from littler ones, corporate account exchanges do the topple and crush up companies during side projects, cut outsâ or following stock. On standard, huge MA exchanges makes the household cash of the target organizations esteem by 1% connection to the acquirers. For each one billion dollar exchange, the money of the target organization expanded in worth by 0.5%. All the more especially, the announcement begin that in the period momentarily after the arrangement is plugged, there is regularly a solid developing relationship in the target organizations household money (connection to the acquirers cash). This speedy raise has taken numerous MA firms by disclosure on the grounds that the mainstream of them never needed to think gaining the capacities or abilities important to proficiently deal with this class of agreement. Before, the business sectors are lacking in of suggestion and an all the more seriously across the country approach disallowed the colossal prevalence of moment and average sized partnerships from taking into consideration cross fringe intermediation as an elective which left MA firms dubious in this gr ound. Macintosh COMPUTERS INC. What's more, NEXT SOFTWARE INC. MERGER Sources: http://www.apple.com/, http://www.nextcomputers.org http://www.objectfarm.org/index.html On the 20.December 1996 the eagerness Brothers rejoined and saw the light. Macintosh Computers Inc. also, NeXT Software Inc. proclaim that they will consolidate their advances and that Steve Jobs will return, as a counsel, to the organization he built up 20 years prior. Probably the coolest band in processor record was accepting back together and probably some people was secure that there would be a lot of truly cool effects event in the near future. The Plan In 1996 Apple was in no-limit trouble since equipment deals were denied and the unsellable stock was developing step by step. The emergency was associated with reproduction makers, who took an interest with Apple in an effectively little advance, and Apples bewildering and not extremely brilliant product offering up. The Mac OS continuous to show its age and with the opening of Windows 95 it turned out to be extremely difficult to prompt individuals of the repayment that the Mac stage would recommend. Various years and still more dollars have been put resources into a present substitute, framework named Copeland, yet it was as yet not prepared for significant time when Apples confronted the rising money related issues. The organization was not just frantically looking for another working framework (even consider Windows NT at a certain point) however needed to exertion with a customarily low stock cost and the anticipating threat of a forceful catch from a portion of the enormous adversaries. NeXT had no simple period too. The extension of the OPENSTEP working framework was nearly ended on the grounds that irritating to stay aware of the quickly modifying Intel world resembled antagonistic vibe a behind conflict without hold up from the equipment makes. NeXT floated into the spot of a Windows NT extension apparatus provider with center around big business processing and lively site page creation. WebObjects was the main development left, which had a genuine future. NeXT and Apple luckily understands that they were in the selective area to in conclusion proof that occasionally: 1+1=3 The two companies had huge and set up innovations which the other was missing and an amalgamation would make an incredibly colossal plan. also that Apple had its have, still all around refreshing, equipment stage and a widespread resale trench though NeXT had a smoothed out, equipped affiliation, a great remaining in the IT developments of huge organizations and they had well Steve Jobs. Composition A most recent working plan was ineffectively needed thus a most recent guide must be ghastly over the special seasons which could be possible to the discourage and Apples customer and designer society at MacWorld, which was seized in January 1997. The new youthful were basically arrangement named excitement and someway the name did well like a glove. The framework had the conceivable of complimenting an exemplary sonnet which carries an extraordinary OS to jazzy and compelling equipment. The Big Picture After the amalgamation the customary Mac OS followed a simple free blueprint: primary discharge some time ago a year, what's more slight updates semi a year later. This was bit of the NeXT weight in the product extension region which was currently headed by Avie Tevanian. The focuses moved to lasting free dates rather than fixed property sets. The release dates have been for the most part aggressive by the require to keep up most recent equipment which as a rule vital refreshed drivers or keep up for extraordinary skin. Macintosh OS 8.0 was prohibition since thumping the version number was fundamental for Apple in mastermind to get diminish of the reproduction equipment develop. They would require a most recent grant on the off chance that they required staying up with Apple and Apple (read Steve Jobs) would not financing them such a grant for a practically identical arrange as they did under the old simultaneousness. This basically slaughtered the sell of Apple copy. Concurred the intricacy of amalgamation two working plan it was reasonable that it would take at scarcest two primary change before a gathering could be accomplished. Amplification on Mac OS 8 progressing before the amalgamation, so it would take a Mac OS 9 to orchestrate the changeover to an in a general sense disparate plan. Apple become more grounded, progressively positive and all the more popular again. The gracefully was expanding and Apple was back in exchange first the business again the Apple item was more grounded than progressively and the organization was advancement equipment like energetic which thus concerned more designers to the stage. CPM Competitive Profile Matrix Source: hhtp://www.prenhall.com/david Apple HP Dell Basic Success Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Piece of the overall industry Cost Monetary Position Item Quality Purchaser Loyalty Publicizing The board Worldwide Expansion Development Web Development 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.14 0.05 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 0.20 0.20 0.45 0.60 0.60 0.16 0.24 0.12 0.56 0.15 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 2

Going Home

Going Home Im currently sitting in the SeaTac airport, waiting for my flight back to Boston thats been delayed for ~2 hours. One part of me is ecstatic to get back to campus after a much needed break, to see my MIT friends again and thoroughly enjoy IAP. But another part of me is mourning my early departure from the west coast while my closest high school friends remain here for another couple of weeks. That, and my family will be going to Seahawks playoff game(s) while Im stuck yelling at a TV about 3,051 miles away. I think if you were to ask me point blank, Where is home? I would say Kirkland, Washington. Its where Ive spent most of my life, where my family is and I return for the holidays, where I can get behind the wheel after six months of no driving and navigate the roads by a map carved into my memory. A home base, if you will; a place where Ill always be able to return no matter where my adventures take me. And because of this sense of stability, this idea that Ill always have somewhere safe in the world, Ive never been that afraid of uprooting my life and continuing to grow elsewhere. The idea of flying 6 hours (+/- the 3 hour time zone shift) away from everywhere Ive known was far less frightening than the idea of finding out my careful college decision was wrongthat MIT was not the right school for me, after all. Establishing MIT as a second home hasnt been the easiest idea to pound into my often-stubborn brain, to be honest. I didnt immediately have the IHTFP (of the paradise-variety) mentality. This past semester, especially, made me question my motivation, talent, future goals, mental health, and decision to stay enrolled in an expensive school while my parents are funding my education. While the strong friendships Ive forged over the past year and a half are a wonderful support system, I spent a lot of time introspectively thinking what I, personally, needed/wanted from a school and as a next stage in life. And Im still not sure I have an answer. What I did decide: my friends here are awesome and I wouldnt trade them for anything; theyre what make me laugh and remember to adventure and miss the school (for example, in a single day post-finals there was derpy reindeer piñata-makinghis name is Clarenceand spontaneous snowman construction, both pictured below) MITs very very flexible policy on switching majors is wonderful and I shouldnt be afraid to experiment you dont have to emerge from this school as an engineer… especially at the cost of your happiness (cannot stress this enough) anywhere can become a home if youre ready to accept it as one (cheesy, yes, but also true)   Anyway, my flight is boarding in approximately 5 minutes, I think Ive hit the deep thoughts limit for this post, and Im ready to read a couple of books and get back to my on-campus family. Update: My flight did not actually board in approximately 5 minutes. Because of the ruthlessness of bad luck, it was cancelled and I had to stand in a line with 300 other people until 2am trying to rebook. Not because of the weather, mind you, but because the first officer didnt show up. Oh well back to campus as soon as possible! Going Home Pan-Fried Chicken with Rice and Vegetables 3 chicken legs Rice (basmati or jasmine works pretty well) Carrots, snow peas (or assorted vegetables) Garlic and onion for saute Oil (for saute and pan-frying the chicken) Cumin Pepper 1. Coat chicken legs with cumin and black pepper (add garlic powder if desired). 2. Chop garlic, onion, and carrots. Wash snow peas. 3. Heat skillet, and add oil once heated. 4. Shake off excess cumin and pepper, and place chicken legs, skin down, on the oil to pan-fry. 5. Once chicken skin begins to change color/aroma begins to develop, add garlic and onion to the skillet to fry along with the chicken. 6. When the onion begins to take on a golden shade, add water to the skillet so that the chicken legs are 3/4 submerged in the water. 7. Place lid on skillet, and allow to steam until almost all the water has evaporated (10-20 minutes). 8. While the chicken is cooking, begin preparing rice. 9. Wash rice once or twice with cold water, and add 1.5 to 2 times as much water as there is rice. 10. Place rice on stove at high heat (uncovered) until the water boils. 11. Once the water boils, immediately reduce heat to simmer, and cover the pan. 12. Allow the water to evaporate until you begin to see crater-like indentations in your rice about the size of half a penny. Once you see this and determined that most of the water had evaporated, take the rice off the stove. 13. Continue to steam the rice off the stove, with the lid on for ~15 to 20 minutes. After this, take the lid off and fluff up the rice. 14. Sometime during the steaming process, the chicken should be ready. You should see the chicken and a condensed sauce at the bottom of the skillet. Remove the chicken and place on freshly steamed rice (when the rice is ready). Be careful not to leave the chicken on the stove too long as the sauce can easily burn once theres no more water left. 15. After youve taken out the chicken, you can use the remaining sauce to stir-fry the vegetables that youve prepared. (if the sauce is too salty from the cumin you can either use a portion of the sauce and add water or just boil/stir-fry the vegetables without sauce). It may help to place the carrots in boiling water for a couple minutes before stir-frying, as it helps to cook faster. Dont add the snow peas in too early as it only really takes ~1 minute to finish stir-frying it if your skillet is hot enough. 16. Serve with chicken, rice, and vegetables :) Its 6:45 AM, and Ive spent all of last night packing up the room and my last day enjoying Boston (which is amazingly gorgeous right now, albeit actually HOT (?!?! it was 90 degrees out)). My 24-hour journey back to Taiwan begins at 9:30 AM and Im heading off to Logan in about 30 minutes. This semester was the most intense semester I had (and coincidentally, also with the worst grades if you discount frosh first semester). This probably explains my absence from substantive entries and my random blog outbursts during finals week. =p Ive learned that Im okay at biology, but yes, it does suck to be a premed at MIT (mainly because of the grading scale, unless you are just really really smart and can stay on top of it =p). I know I complain a lot on the blogs (especially orgo =p), so heres an apology to all of you that were like PSSSH PREMEDS. Trust me, I dont like the premed mindset either but you gotta do what you gotta do. Maybe Ill get around to writing about my semester once Im back in sunny Taiwan and has caught up on sleep (I probably have about a 75-hour deficit at this point ). So, my friends, I leave Cambridge with this. If you dont like HSM, too bad. ^___^V

Poverty A Single Parent Family - 859 Words

Poverty: The state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; the condition of being poor. Any family living in poverty may have many obstacles and trials to overcome, but can the issue of poverty be even more detrimental for a single parent family. What kinds of problems occur, what can single parent families do for help and finally can children from single parent families be successful. Over the last 20 years there has been a rise in single parent families living in the United States. These families may have become a single parent family for many different reasons, some people perhaps were never married, some may have lost a spouse due to illness and some may have been divorced, there could be many more reasons which we will never know. More than 80% of these families are headed by single women. Female headed single parent families are more likely to be living in or almost in poverty. Female headed households often fare worse than single fathers because men are often paid more in their occupations and also because some mothers are unable to collect child support, single mothers may also be dealing with other issues such as loneliness, less time for themselves, they may be experiencing lack of sleep and everyday stress. Past research has often shown that children who come from single parent families lead less healthy lives. For example children coming from a single parent family may be more likely to not finish school, they are often moreShow MoreRelatedChildren s Development And Effective Parenting Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdiversity including, poverty, family form, and children with disabilities. Throughout these discussion papers our roles as educators when working with children and their families within each of these areas of diversity are addressed. These papers unpack inclusive practices for working with young children and their families with differing abilities from a range of socio-economic backgrounds. In Aotearoa New Zealand we live in a society where some children and families live in poverty, the most commonRead MoreRecent Trends On The Inheritance Of Poverty And Family Structure By Kelly Musick And Robert D. Mare1629 Words   |  7 PagesNicolette Sperczak Poverty and Family Status  In the article, Recent trends in the inheritance of poverty and family structure by Kelly Musick and Robert D. Mare in 2006, the interdependence of  poverty and family structure is discussed. It is obvious that each factor relies on the other. Poverty affects family structure because money is a major stress factor within marriages. Many couple’s divorce issues are traced back to arguments over financial issues. The dynamics of poverty and family are intimatelyRead MoreChildren Should Not Be Raised On Single Parent Households1286 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States live in a single-parent household as of 2012? ( )Every year this number is on the rise and it is causing children everywhere to suffer. When children are raised in an environment with only one parent they can have less opportunities and less supervision than a child with two parents. Children should not be raised in single-parent households because it can lead to abuse from parents, violence in children and pov erty. First and foremost, abuse from a parent is an issue that can oftenRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency1286 Words   |  6 PagesLiving in poverty when I was a child, made me realize now that I am older how my life could have been completely different. I had family and friends who lived in a single parent household and others who lived with both of their parents; it made a tremendous impact on how they would behave, their morals, and values. Many of the other children who used to live in the same neighborhood as I did not appreciate the same values I would. Some of us continue going to school which was a small percentage whileRead MoreThe Common Core Places On Standardized Testing1634 Words   |  7 Pageshappens to be even more alarming when you realize that countless children in poverty worry about more than what they happen to be learning in school. Another way teachers try increase scores on standardized tests is by showing a â€Å"tolerance of drop outs and th e promotion of push outs to get rid of the least academically talented students† (Berliner 254), as we have already discussed high school drop-outs have a higher poverty rate. With unqualified teachers becoming more prevalent and the latest implementationRead MoreThe Problems Faced By Single Parents1424 Words   |  6 Pageshappening due to poverty. This is one of the major issues that the entire world has to deal with. Poverty itself is a very broad term which can be described in various ways; however, most of the times it’s a scenario that individuals try to avoid and escape from. Poverty has a very bad impact on the country and its residents. It can easily destroys the economy of one country, especially the developing once. Poverty plays an important role in effecting the life of single parents. The most commonRead MoreMarriage Is Particularly Among Poor, Poor And Poor Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesonly way to raise a family and have children. However, marriage is becoming extremely uncommon among the poor, especially poor women. Instead of getting married first and then having children, poor women tend to do the opposite; having children bef ore marriage and then hoping to get married after the child is born. This line of thinking often doesn’t work and poor mothers and their children are stuck by themselves, using only one income to survive and still living in poverty. However, having marriageRead MoreSocial And Economical Concepts Of Sole Parent Families Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian society face solidarity and Division: Sole Parent Families are living on the edge of poverty, with predictions of a 65% increase of sole parent families by 2036, Why are so many Australian sole parent families living so close to or below the calculated poverty line? This essay will firstly provide current and reliable statistics with a brief overview of the identified key social and economical concepts of sole parent families based on ‘Poverty and Exclusion in Modern Australia and (SociologyRead MoreHow Changes Of Marriage And Family Will Change American Society949 Words   |  4 Pages How Changes to Marriage and Family will change American Society Temitope Layode DeVry University PHIL 447 Spring 2016 How Changes to Marriage and Family will change American Society Over time, the American society has derailed from the traditional reason and forms of marriage and family set up. The American society acceptance of non-marital childbearing (single parenting), same- sex marriage has led to the trending poverty rate in average families. The main objective of the institution ofRead MorePoverty And The Changing Family Structure1713 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore. But the same cannot be said for African American families as a whole. The African American family and community is in trouble (Tilove, 2005). These families are facing many issues today that are contributing to their break down. These factors include poverty, diminishing health, welfare, incarceration, the struggle to find housing and the challenges involved with providing children with higher education. The disintegration of families have gone on for too long and it’s time we do something

Population Geography Overview

Population geography is a branch of human geography that is focused on the scientific study of people, their spatial distributions and density. To study these factors, population geographers examine the increase and decrease in population, peoples movements over time, general settlement patterns and other subjects such as occupation and how people form the geographic character of a place. Population geography is closely related to demography (the study of population statistics and trends). Topics in Population Geography Closely related to population distribution is population density — another topic in population geography. Population density studies the average number of people in an area by dividing the number of people present by total area. Usually these numbers are given as persons per square kilometer or mile. There are several factors which affect population density and these are often subjects of population geographers study as well. Such factors can relate to the physical environment like climate and topography or be related to the social, economic and political environments of an area. For example, areas with harsh climates like Californias Death Valley region are sparsely populated. By contrast, Tokyo and Singapore are densely populated because of their mild climates and their economic, social and political development. Overall population growth and change is another area of importance for population geographers. This is because the worlds population has grown dramatically over the last two centuries. To study this overall subject, population growth is looked at via natural increase. This studies an areas birth rates and death rates. The birth rate is the number of babies born per 1000 individuals in the population every year. The death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people every year. The historic natural increase rate of population used to be near zero, meaning that births roughly equaled deaths. Today, however, an increase in life expectancy due to better healthcare and standards of living has lowered the overall death rate. In developed nations, the birth rate has declined, but it is still high in developing nations. As a result, the worlds population has grown exponentially. In addition to natural increase, population change also considers net migration for an area. This is the difference between in-migration and out-migration. An areas overall growth rate or change in population is the sum of natural increase and net migration. An essential component to studying world growth rates and population change is the demographic transition model — a significant tool in population geography. This model looks at how population changes as a country develops in four stages. The first stage is when birth rates and death rates are high so there are little natural increase and a relatively small population. The second stage features high birth rates and low death rates so there is high growth in the population (this is normally where least developed countries fall). The third stage has a decreasing birth rate and a decreasing death rate, again resulting in slowed population growth. Finally, the fourth stage has low birth and death rates with low natural increase. Graphing Population Developed nations usually have an equal distribution of people throughout the different age groups, indicating slowed population growth. Some, however, show negative population growth when the number of children are equal or slightly lower than older adults. Japans population pyramid, for example, shows slowed population growth. Technologies and Data Sources In addition to census data, population data is also available through government documents like birth and death certificates. Governments, universities and private organizations also work to conduct different surveys and studies to gather data about population specifics and behavior that could be related to topics in population geography. To learn more about population geography and the specific topics within it, visit this sites collection of population geography articles.

Ehrm Free Essays

E-HRM (Electronic Human Resource Management) refers to conduct business transactions particularly Human Resource Management transactions, using the internet along with other technologies (Lengnick-Hall and Moritz, 2003). It was inspired by the popular term of e-commerce. As per the literature, it can also be called as online HRM, web-based HR, virtual HR (M), HR intranet, e –HR, HR portals and computer-based human resource management systems (CHRIS). We will write a custom essay sample on Ehrm or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1990, this term E-HRM was introduced, when electronic commerce (e-commerce) was speeding in the world of business.It is an advance business solution which provides a complete on-line support in the management of all processes, actions, data and information required to handle human resources in an advance company. It is an effective, consistent, easy-to-use system which can be used by groups of different users. It is a technology which allows the staff to have an access to HR and other departments of the organization. According to Ruel Huub Bondarouk Tanya, E-HRM helps to execute HR policies, strategies and practices in the company by using web technologies. The objectives of an organization to take E-HRM are: 1.Developing the strategic orientation of HRM 2. Reduction in cost and effective gains 3. Improvement in client servicing and helping management and employees. The choices of HRM strategies in an organization can be divided into three categories (Beer et al. ): the bureaucratic policy, the market policy, and the clan policy. Each category has its own specific characteristics about the HRM policy areas. TYPES OF E-HRM:- Based on the current literature, E-HRM can be distinguished into 3 categories in the companies as per their focus areas, which are: operational, relational, transformational E-HRM (Wright Dyer, 2000, Lepak Snell, 1998,). Operational E-HRM: – this area involves the basic HR activities. In some organizations, the HRM gives importance to administration and registration. Operational E-HRM gives the choice to the employees either to keep their own personal data up-to-date through a HR website or to have an administrative power in place to do this for them. †¢ Relational E-HRM: – this area, concerns on more advanced HRM activities. The helps the HR techniques that support basic business processes such as: recruiting and selecting of new personnel, training of new employees, performance appraisal, and rewards.It gives the option of selecting and recruiting the candidates either through a internet based application process or by using the process of manual application. †¢ Transformational E-HRM: – this area involves HRM activities with a planned character. Here the emphasis is about the activities regarding organizational change processes, strategic re-orientation, strategic competence management, and strategic knowledge management. It is a mixed internet technique which enables the personnel to develop in line with the company’s choices.HOW E-HRM HELPS THE HRM (HUMAN RESOUCE MANAGEMENT) OF THE ORGANISATION:- It covers all aspects of human resource management like personnel administration, training, career development, corporate organization, job descriptions, selection and hiring process, employee’s data base etc. Therefore E-HRM is a method of doing HRM. By following the path of E-HRM, an organization expects to achieve certain targets such as; a development in the HR’s strategic orientation, an improvement in client focusing, and a decrease in costs or increased efficiency. Improving HR services:Use of E-HRM, satisfied the HR to the maximum level. It raises flexibility in work, endorses modernism and allows the employees to increase development, and motivation. Furthermore, it reduces the repetitive questions of employees such as in regards to the training packages, and a policy guideline etc and also allows consultation at any time. It also helps in announcing job vacancies and important events within the organization. Cost reduction: E-HRM facilitates HR to provide efficient services to clients or customers, with fewer restrictions on time, place or availability (Alleyne, 2003). It decreases the HR operational costs by providing the information to a large number of people on online basis. It allows the employees or their managers to handle their operational activities such as salary, training, holidays or leave entitlements by themselves. Redefining employee responsibilities in HR: In recent years, it can be seen that there is a significant change in the role of managers in the organizations due to some changes in the market developments and new technologies used by the organizations.Due to this, the duties that were performed by HR Professionals earlier such as : performance appraisals, reviewing employee costs, producing HR reports on turnover, absenteeism, processing training requests and overlooking competence management are now presenting by managers and employees (Ruel 2004, Ruta 2005, Martin 2005). E-HRM turns it easier for managers to merge these roles with their other roles effectively. E-HRM enables employees to update their data and manage their p ersonal file by accessing it directly which refers to their training, performance appraisal and transfers. This is called employee self services. This increases their motivation and contribution towards employment; also improves their performance, talent management through self selection and assessment. (Roehling et al. 2005). Improving HR strategic orientation: Use of E-HRM can create more real customer relationships within the. Through social networking, it can improve employee voice (Martin et al 2009). It liberates the HRM managers ( Strohmeir, 2006) to connect HRM to business by becoming strategic members of the top management team. It gives HR increased credibility and power through allowing them to make more reliable data which improves decision making. Online recruitment:It is one of the most broadly functions of E-HRM. It refers to the vacancies posted on the company’s web site or on an online recruitment‘s website. It allows the candidates to send their resumes electronically via e-mail or in some electronic format (Galanaki, 2002). It can be benefited in terms of cost, time, candidate pool and quality of response. However, over loading of resumes is always a risk with the low reputation and effectiveness of various web sites and databases, not to mention its questionable effectiveness for senior executive positions (Ensher et al. , 2002). This can also help to sort and contact the candidates. The selection procedure becomes easy while using this technology especially where long distances are involved. The selection can be done through Video conferencing and online tests, and the candidates can be selected at the initial stages of the selection procedure which saves the cost and time of the organisation. E-HRM enables the performance appraisal (PA) to be conducted on-line on the corporate website. This means that the managers and the employees are able to submit performance data directly to the HR department in via company’s website. This function decrease time and cost for the HR department remarkably.It enables the managers and employees to enter the performance appraisal results with an immediate effect and plan their performance on their personal HR page. E-HRM helps the managers and employees to communicate in the organisation effectively via email. It is a useful approach to interact with the management. E-HRM RESULTS OR OUTCOMES:- Besides these objectives mentioned above, there are some outcomes of E-HRM that needs to be considered. According to Beer et al. (1984) there are four possibilities of outcomes which are: high dedication or commitment, high competition, cost effectiveness, and higher congruence. High commitment they means that the workforce is motivated and understanding, and that they are willing to interact with the management about changes in the organisational environment and the impact that this can have on the internal organisation. High commitment implies a high level of trust between management and employees. †¢ High competence indicates towards the capabilities of employees to learn new roles and tasks if the situation demands it. †¢ Cost effectiveness indicates to the competitiveness in levels of pay and employee revenue rate, and to the adequacy of costs resulting from employee conflicts such as strikes. Higher congruence refers to the internal organization, the reward system, and the ‘input, throughput, and output’ of personnel, which need to be structured in the interests of all stakeholders.Below is the E-HRM model that explains the effect of E-HRM in an organisation. [pic] (Journal article: – â€Å"E-HRM: INNOVATION OR IRRITATION† by Ruel, Huub ; Bondarouk, Tanya) BARRIERS IN ADOPTIING E-HRM: Although there are many benefits of using the E-HRM in the organisation, but there are some aspects where E-HRM has some barriers and disadvantages which needs to be considered. According to the findings of Ruel Huub ; Bondarouk Tanya, if an organisation wants to become a global, then globally their HR practises, policies should also be the same wherever the company is present. Diffe rences in the culture and languages, it is hard to adopt the newly introduced technology that is E-HRM. †¢ In order to introduce E-HRM in the organisation, it is very difficult for the HR department to change their HRM practises. Implementation of E-HRM can reduce the HR staff. It is hard to change the mindset and behaviour of HR personnel, employees and line management. E-HRM helps the employees to update their databases, performance charts, involve themselves in online discussions and opt their career paths. However many employees do not wish to accept this change. Some studies shows that the employees are rely on their managers to develop their carrier paths. †¢ It can produce loss of privacy and confidentiality. If these points can be considered, E-HRM would be very useful for the organisation to grow. How to cite Ehrm, Papers

Construction Management and Economics

Question: Discuss about theConstruction Management and Economics. Answer: Project Leadership in Becoming: A Process Study of an Organizational Change Project Synopsis In this article, the author here describes the concept of general leadership with different project leadership styles. In this article, the author clearly makes certain arguments regarding the ongoing production of social acts that involves continuous deconstruction and construction of present activities and rhythm (Packendorff, Crevani Lindgren, 2014). This article is based on ethnographic case study of an organizational management change. This entire article is based on project leadership and organizational change projects elements. As compared to any other article, the researcher has chosen the above article; because it is very relevant and totally concept based manipulated study on different types of leadership traits and attitudes with respect to organizational change management. According to the expert, in this relevant article the creditability of leadership is getting diminishing in many organizations due to its lacking behind certain assumptions and consequences (Burke, 201 3). The behaviors and attitudes of different managerial leaders are highlighted; according to their interchangeably. It also highlights that how leaders in an organizational management behave and develop their intermediate skills according to the prescribed situation (Packendorff, Crevani Lindgren, 2014). According to this article leadership may be clearly defined as:Leadership is the process of influencing the organized activities in its efforts to achieve its aim and objectives of an organizational management. Additionally, this article also reflects the concept strategy of ongoing construction directions with a space of actions (Marchewka, 2014). This article mainly focuses on the space action and the direction of change in an organizational management. Figure 1: Analytical Dimensions of study of Project Leadership (Source: Packendorff, Crevani Lindgren, 2014, pp-35) The above diagram is the analytical dimensions of study of project leadership in this relevant article. The researcher has explained and discussed the nature and the type of project exploration with its relative management skills resistance. The diagrammatic representation mainly circulates the core concept of project path, positions, issues and rhythm in project management. The below provided critique explains the overall segments of the article with different intellectual concept biased prior to the consent article. Critique In this relevant article of Project Leadership in Becoming: A Process Study of an Organizational Change Project, the type of project depicted includes: past project and its activities, areas and positions of its responsibility, space, rhythm and intensity and discarded future issues. The history of project management skills is based on the core strategy concept of various fields of an application which generally includes civil engineering, construction engineering and huge defense activities (Packendorff, Crevani Lindgren, 2014). It necessarily includes the diagrams of Gantt charts, PERT charts and calculations of different types of milestones. In this leadership article, the concept of construction engineering is reflected and highlighted. The project management skills comprises of leadership, communication, team management, risk management, personal organization and negotiation (Leach, 2014). There are various change models in project management leadership which generally includes creation of urgency, powerful coalition, change of vision, vision communication, removal of certain obstacles, and creation of short term within project management leadership (Packendorff, Crevani Lindgren, 2014). In the concept of project management leadership styles there are various source of conflict that can arise in workplace environment. The perfect instances of leadership traits and qualities are clearly highlighted and reflected. The overcoming management resistance of change in project management generally includes lack of knowledge in implementation and adoption of new system technology and fear of losing power intimacy (Gardiner, 2014). The organizational change management in project leadership implies the modification and reviewing of business structures and procedures. In this relevant article, the author has focused in the change management of an organizational strategic and operations process with respect to different business activities (Schwalbe, 2015). The behaviors and attitudes of different managerial leaders are highlighted; according to their interchangeably. This article mainly focuses on the space action and the direction of change in an organizational management. The critique explains the overall segments of the article. The project management skills comprises of leadership, communication, team management, risk management, personal organization and negotiation. In the concept of project management leadership styles there are various source of conflict that can arise in workplace environment. On the basis of the above article, different stakeholders interest, project manager management styles, scope change and scheduled changes are included (Packendorff, Crevani Lindgren, 2014). Several positions equivalent to the position portfolio management are clearly reflected and highlighted. The diagrammatic illustrations with respect to organization change in management have been depicted above. Reflection The article on Project Leadership in Becoming: A Process Study of an Organizational Change Project has manipulated me the fundamental concepts of leadership qualities and its attributes in an organizational management. With the constant change in an organizational managerial process it is very necessary to cope up with different segments of leadership qualities. This article teaches me to perform the presence qualities of a good leader in an organizational management. The article on Project Leadership in Becoming: A Process Study of an Organizational Change Project is chosen by me who helps me to get certain assistance about the knowledge management skills of leadership attributes relevant to construction industry. After reading various comments and arguments in these articles I have gain several knowledge about the concept of leadership and organizational change project. Lesson learned The above article on Project Leadership in Becoming: A Process Study of an Organizational Change Project is very helpful and useful for every individual and for every organizational management. The perfect instances of leadership traits and qualities are clearly highlighted and reflected. It has been drawn on current and latest research in the general field of leadership styles and traits with respect to project management and leadership. Varieties of leadership attitudes with integration have been clearly depicted here. The following comments and arguments are really appreciable. As compared to any other article, the researcher has chosen the above article; because it is very relevant and totally concept based manipulated study on different types of leadership traits and attitudes with respect to organizational change management. Conclusion This entire blog concludes with the broad concept of project management leadership. The researcher has taken the article of 2011; related with the core concept if project management leadership traits and skills. It depicts the core strategy concept of leadership traits and attitudes within an organizational management. The researcher has also illustrated with diagrammatic representation. The type of projects and model charge are clearly highlighted and reflected in the critique section. From the above scenario, it has been analyzed that the concept of leadership plays a very significant role in entire organizational management. It preferred some immense qualities with inbuilt role model. After reviewing with the above related article, the researcher has recommended certain things that need to be taken into consideration which commonly includes maintain ace of leadership traits and attitudes with the change in an organizational process, retrieving the qualities preferred with manageri al process and manipulating the segments prior to the need of the project management. References Ahern, T., Leavy, B., Byrne, P. J. (2014). Complex project management as complex problem solving: A distributed knowledge management perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), 1371-1381. Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Gardiner, P. (2013). Moving from Project Management to Project Leadership: A Practical Guide to Leading Groups. Construction Management and Economics, 31(7), 792-793. Heagney, J. (2012). Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Leach, L. P. (2014). Critical chain project management. Artech House. Marchewka, J. T. (2014). Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Packendorff, J., Crevani, L., Lindgren, M. (2014). Project leadership in becoming: A process study of an organizational change project.Project Management Journal,45(3), 5-20. Redick, A., Reyna, I., Schaffer, C., Toomey, D. (2014). Four-factor model for effective project leadership competency. Journal of Information Technology and Economic Development, 5(1), 53. Schuhmann, R., Magarian, J., Hutner-Loan, E. (2014). A Method for Assessing Engineering Leadership Content in the Engineering Curriculum: A First Look at Civil Engineering Project Management Courses. In Proceedings of the 121st American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE)Annual Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis June. Schwalbe, K. (2015). Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

Project Management Essay Example

Project Management Essay Appraisal of an activity you believe would be Improved by managing as a project; Appraisal of an existing work project you are currently Involved with; or Appraisal of an actively you were Involved with In the past that you believe could have been managed as a project. Assignment report The assignment report should include: a) A brief description of the organizational setting and the project environment to ensure the assignment examiner understands the context in which the project is set. b) An outline of the objectives of the project and the importance of the project to the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer c) A detailed overview and analysis of the use of relevant concepts, tools and techniques involved in project management. This section should comprise the main part of your assignment and should consist of an overview and analysis of the relevant project concepts covered in the subject. At a minimum, there should be a mention of at least the following concepts: How the project should be defined How project times and costs are estimated A discussion of the project plan The management of project risk Resource scheduling Project team issues Project performance management Note that although all of these concepts should be mentioned, some of them may be more important for your particular project than others. In these instances, you should feel free to focus your analysis more heavily on the more important issues as they impact your project. Word count (from the start of the Introduction section to the end of the Conclusion section and not Including figures/charts): 2,745 words The purpose of this paper is to present a project proposal for a new project which was recently allocated to the project management team at the Fussily Medical Systems Company, Sydney, Australia. The reason for the project results from the win of a tender for a four year film/print contract between Fussily Medical and the I-Med Network and is worth $million. This entails the installation of 220 Laser Digital X- Ray Film printers in 147 sites across Australia from Darwin to Hobart and many cities and towns in between. In developing the project proposal, this paper will demonstrate what the project intends to accomplish, how the project will go about accomplishing its objectives and if indeed it is in keeping with the strategic vision of the company and consequently how important it is to the company. In proposing what work has to be done, which is the intent of the proposal, this paper will present a detailed overview and analysis of the use of relevant concepts, tools and techniques involved in project management. Generally speaking, based on the proposal, higher management will make a decision on whether or not to proceed with the project. Once the decision is made and the directive given to proceed with the project, the project plan is developed, refined and executed. Whilst the project plan is not, as far as execution and delivery is concerned, a major part of the brief for this paper some of these aspects will be discussed for completeness. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Companies and Project Environment Medical Systems 6 6 2. 1 Fussily 6 2. 2 The I-Med Network 6 2. 3 The Project Environment, Objectives and Importance of the Project 7 3. The Project Overview and Analysis Cycle 9 9 3. 2 The Project Life 83. 1 Defining the Project 3. 2. 1 The goals and specifications of the project tasks and responsibilities of the project 9 3. 2. 2 10 3. 3 Planning the 11 3. 3. Resource The Project 3. 3. 1 Schedules Scheduling 11 14 3. 3. The Management of Project Risk 3. 3. 5 Project Team Issues Project Performance Management 4. Conclusion Glossary References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 13 3. 3. 3 Estimation of Costs 15 15 3. 3. 6 16 17 18 19 20 Whilst project management was once the domain of the building industry, the methods used there are now also utilized in new product development, event management, larger computer hardware and software installations, major equipment installations and, in any organizational event that is big enough to have a considerable number of demands and variables. Projects have a specified objective o achieve, a start and end point, often require the bringing together of various specialists within the organization who would normally be working individually, are not part of the routine work of the organization and finally, budget, time and performance constraints are integral. Therefore projects are specific entities which require specialized management in the form of a project manager and his or her team. The first part of the process or life cycle of a project is the proposal stage where the project is defined and planned. This paper will concentrate on these aspects of project management. A detailed overview and analysis of the project will ensue so as to show what is required to bring a project together to a successful conclusion. 2 The Companies and Project Environment 2. 1 Fussily Medical Systems A pioneer in imaging, Fussily Medical Systems (FM) was the first company in the world to introduce a digital x-ray diagnostic system in 1983. Besides x-ray imaging equipment, FM also produces and markets endoscopies, ultrasound and medical IT (PASS and IRIS) solutions. FM is a subsidiary company of Fussily Holding Company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. In Australia, the head office is in Brooklet, Sydney. 2 The I-Med Network The I-Med Network or I-Med Radiology Network is a privately owned company and the largest medical imaging network in Australia with 200 clinics covering all major metropolitan areas and significant parts of rural and regional Australia. The group offers all scans and radiology services including X-ray, PET, CT, MR.., Nuclear Medicine, Ultrasound, Mammography and International Procedures. 2. 3 The Project Environment, Objectives and Importance of the Project Fussily Medical has been successful in the bid off tender for the supply of 220 X-ray digital laser film printers. The printers will be supplied and installed into 147 sites across Australia at no cost but the I-Med Network has to purchase ten million dollars value of film at a pre-set price for the duration of a four year contract. The sales figures will be monitored volume, the I-Med Network will have to pay back a penalty fee for each meter of film that has not met the target. This fail-safe ensures that Fussily Medical Systems does not lose revenue and ultimately profit on this deal. The first matter, in essence, that is part of the project to be undertaken is the preparation by the FM company solicitors f the I-Med Equipment, Consumables and Support Agreement (the agreement). The agreement outlines all the legal requirements and expectations of the project between the parties, including the maintenance, breakdown and technical support and service level offered. The finalization of the agreement is a critical step and until this is signed and settled by both parties nothing else will proceed. There were two other major companies bidding in this tender namely Gaff Healthcare and Kodak. This deal and therefore the project is important to Fussily Medical for the following reasons: 1 . It will keep competitors from entering into film/print deals with the I-Med network for at least the four years of the contract; 2. At the end of the contract, the l- Med network may choose to continue its association with Fussily and re-contract with new equipment for another term; 3. It offers FM the advantage of being present and having first look-in for value added sales for other equipment like Computed or Digital Radiography image processors or PASS and IRIS (see Glossary); 4. The value of the deal is approximately ten percent of the total revenue for FM during the contract period, consequently it is a deal that cannot be dismissed. Further, as stated by Larson and Gray (2011 p. 23) [s]treated is implemented through projects. Every project should have a clear link to the organizations strategy. Indeed, this project certainly fits in with Fistfuls Medicals mission statement, which is: To be the recognized leader in providing integrated solutions to meet each customers imaging and information needs. Fussily USA website, 2013) 3 The Project Overview and Analysis The Project Management Institute (IMP cited in Larson and Gray 2011, p. 5) defines a project thus: A project is a temporary endeavourer undertaken to create a unique reduce, service or result. Sheehan (2008) tells us that projects are becoming more and more important to organizations and indeed operations, the ongoing activities in a company such as manufacturing and services, whilst necessary, are on the decline. Larson and Gray (2011 p. ) clearly state the major characteristics off project as follows: 1 . An established objective; 2. A defined life span with a beginning and an end; 3. Usually, the involvement of several departments and professionals; 4. Typically, doing something that has never been done before; and 5. Specific time, cost, and reference requirements. The project to be undertaken by Fussily Medical Systems for the I-Med Network certainly encompasses all the above characteristics. The objective has been project is expected to begin on April 1, 2014 and completed by September 30, 2014. This is a time-constrained project. The project will involve the legal, finance and procurement departments, account managers, technical services engineers and electricians, IT specialists, warehousing and logistics and the project manager(s). A project of the scale presented here has never been attempted previously and Hereford requires a high level and precise plan which can be created and executed by a dedicated team. Costs have to be kept too minimum so as not to impact too greatly on gross margins. Performance requirements are expected to be rigorous due to the nature of the installation and penalties to FM will be applied by the I-Med Network for any issues in this regard. Disruption to normal business has to be minimal due to the fact that this project deals with medical imaging clinics where diagnoses are paramount and to reduce any loss of business/revenue for the I-Med Network. 3. 1 The Project Life Cycle Pinto and Prescott, cited in Jujube and MÃ'Ëœleer 2005, tell us [most] project life cycles include phases of conceptualization (sic), planning, execution and termination. The same stages are called defining, planning, executing and closing by Larson and Gray (2011). The ensuing discussion will be concentrating on the defining and planning stages. The company (FM) will proceed with the project due to the fact that it is of critical business importance. The revenue generated from the sale is sufficient reason but it also gives the company great kudos in the marketplace. 3. 2 Defining the Project The goals, specifications, tasks and responsibilities (Larson and Gray 2011, p. ) constitute the defining phase of the project life cycle. 3. 2. 1 The goals and specifications of the project: Install 220 Drippy (Fussily brand name) Printers/almagest throughout I-Med Networks 147 Australian Sites; The Printers will replace existing competitor (namely Gaff and Kodak) ones; The Printers will be replaced on a like for like basis (I. E. Similar size, capacity and throughput as existing competitor models, albeit newer technology); The images will be either a model DIPPED (3-Tray) or a 2-Tray DIPPED. On analyzing the existing data of installed printers supplied by the I-Med network, the following printers will be supplied: 100 x DIPPED with Sorters 35 x DIPPED without sorters 40 x DIPPED with Sorters and 45 x DIPPED without sorters 133 of these printers will be Mammography enabled 3. 2. 2 The tasks and responsibilities of the project: There are many further steps than those outlined below but this is a macro view or part of the work breakdown structure (WEBS) of the project. Figure 3. 1 Task- Responsibility Chart RESPONSIBILITY Printers to be ordered and film stock increased Product Managers and Procurement Department Warehouse manager to be notified of impending increase in stock levels and of extra incoming goods Project Manager Printers to be pre-staged configured with correct sorters, film sizing and software installation completed two weeks prior to installation week Technical Engineers Electrical compliance testing Electricians Logistics to be notified of equipment on-time delivery requirements and instructions pertaining to it. With consideration to the vast distances from Sydney headquarters, some destinations will require greater lead time. Warehouse and Logistics Managers The I-Med Network sites have to be scoped for informatics and network infrastructure capability and compatibility Project Manager and Engineers Modalities (Computed/Digital Radiography, CT, Ultrasound, MR.. And so on)to be connected to printers for each site need to be clearly identified as this will affect pre- staging Fussily Engineers and IT/ Modality companies/ I-Med Network Printers dispatched to site the week before installation Project Manager with Warehouse and Logistics Install printers and train staff on use of printers Technical Engineers Documentation pertaining to the printer()s) installed to be completed correctly and sign-off obtained from the Radiology manager or designated person Technical Engineers At the end of the particular installation week, all documentation to be sent back to the Lead Project Manager via internal mail Technical Engineers Documents to be filed and information archived and entered into database correctly Project Manager *See Appendices 1 and 2 for more information. 3. 3 Planning the Project The defining, planning and executing stages of the project life cycle basically begin at the same time Just by the nature of projects. These stages may have specific functions but are interconnected and are sanctioned concurrently. When one is thinking of specifications and tasks, for example, already schedules, resources and staffing are being considered. Some of the planning stage has therefore already been considered in the defining phase. Abdominal (2012) explains this well, the relationships, iterations, phasing and overlaps between components of project, or program are derived from and verified by the nature of relationships between activities. In the planning phase or stage, we look at schedules, budgets, resources, asks and staffing (Larson and Gray 2011, p. ). Scheduling will have to run very much to plan to minimize disruption to the workflow tendency for the project scope to expand over time (Gray and Larson 2011, p. 105) will not be an issue. The initial preparatory work including the length of the project have previously been discussed. Once delivered to site, a printer will take one day to install. The following, Figure 3. 2, is an example of what the installation schedule may look like before a Giant chart is produced. Figure 3. 2 Example Installation Schedule for this Project Site NO. Existing Site Description and Quantities of Initial FUSSILY Equipment to be provided to that Initial Purchaser at that Existing Site Description of Redundant Equipment of that Initial Purchaser at that Existing Site Indicative Target Dates for Installation Timetable 1 . Royal Darwin CT 2. Royal Darwin MR.. 3. Royal Darwin UNC Med Drippy 7000 Drippy 4000 Kodak Dry-view 8700 Gaff Tartar 5300 Delivery -Week of 3/3/14 Installation Week of 10/3/14 Testing/Acceptance Week of 10/3/14 Training Week of 10/3/14 2. 1 . Hobart Calvary Hose 2. Hobart Calvary Hose Drippy 7000 w sorter Gaff Tartar 5500 Gaff Tartar 3000 Delivery Week of 10/3/14 Installation Week of 17/3/14 Testing/Acceptance Week of 17/3/14 Training Week of 17/3/14 3. 1 . Hobart Private Hose 2. Hobart Private Hose Drippy 4000 w sorter 4. 1 . SST Johns Hose TASK 2. Colonelcy TASK 3. Rosy park TASK 4. Kingston TASK 5. 1 . Wage Calvary 2. Wage Calvary 3. Wage Calvary Kodak Driveway 8900 Delivery week of 17/3/14 Installation Week of 24/3/14 Testing/Acceptance Week of 24/3/14 Training Week of 24/3/14 Giant Charts were and are used as a visual tool to show scheduled and actual progress of projects (Kumar 2005). Giant charts are used because they are easy to interpret and popular software such as [emailprotected] Office Project 2007 have made this a readily available tool. Editing is also simplified because of computer technology. For a project like the one proposed here, this type of software is ideal because dates can be used effectively, time is represented on the horizontal axis and activities down the rows (Larson and Gray 2011, p. 174). Resources can also be added. The following, Figure 3. 3, shows an example of a Giant chart for a similar equipment installation and time based project. . 3. 2 Resource Scheduling Ahead S, Imitate ML and Imitate A (2013) state: t]he companies dealing with multiple projects are geographically distributed at different locations. These projects require local (always available to the concerned project) and global (shared among the projects) resources that are available in limited quantity. Certainly Fussily has several projects in progress at all times and therefore wherever possible local resources such as engineers will be utilized for cost savings and efficiency in organization. For this project, Jamie Carlyle will be the Lead Engineer assigned solely to and for the entirety of the I-Med Printer Project and engineers from each State will complement the process. Preventative Maintenance Schedules (part of the day-to-day activities of the service department), Service Engineers Annual Leave and Public Holidays are some of the issues that have to be taken into consideration when preparing the final schedule. Being a time- constrained, as opposed to a resource-constrained project, it must be completed by the agreed date and resources will be added as required to achieve this milestone. 3. 3. 3 Estimation of Costs The Fussily Company has allocated a figure of approximately 10% ($1 M) of the bid price to the cost of the installation project and maintenance over the life of the renters within the contract period; $500,000 of this creates the project budget. How are costs estimated? Good (2009) provides a succinct explanation: Simply stated its the product of the quantities of goods and services that will be required to execute the project, times the commensurate unit pricing for each of those goods and services. In this project we can look at it like this: There are 220 printers to be installed. Whilst the time period to complete the project is six (6) months or twenty six (26) weeks, to allow some slack or buffer, the project will be calculated to be finished in went two (22) weeks. That is, ten (10) printers need to be installed per week. One day per printer per engineer is required for pre-staging. Three engineers are required for installing a printer a day each. Generally, Monday (the busiest day in a Radiology practice) will be used to travel to site and finalizing any details before installation begins on Tuesday. Friday will be used for training purposes and travel home. An engineer is paid $2000 per week or $400 a day (total cost = $187,200). The project manager is paid $110,00 per annum but an extra two months is added here or the planning phase (cost = $ 73,000). The cost of transport to a site is $150 per unit on average (total = $33,000). Travel, hotel and meal costs have been estimated to be $100,000. Legal, warehouse and other business costs are estimated at $50,000. The total estimated cost of the project is $443,200 which is within the $500,000 budget and allows for any unforeseen or misjudged costs. Spreadsheets and time- phased work packages are critical tools that can be used to simplify and take control of these calculations Project Management Essay Example Project Management Essay a) What are some of the items contained in the Project Charter? b) What phase is the Project Scope produced? What are some of the items contained in this document? c) What phase is the WBS produced? A; a)The project charter is the planning team’s concise statement of core goals, values, and intent in order to provide the ultimate policy direction for everything that comes next. Items contained in project charter are; 1. Project title should be concise and create a vision for the end result of the project. 2. Purpose summarizes the need and justification for the project. . Description provides a high-level description of the project. 4. Objective is a statement of what is expected to be accomplished. 5. Success criteria or expected benefits indicate the outcomes or expected quantitative benefits that will result from implementation of the project. 6. Funding indicates the total amount of funds the sponsor authorizes for the project. 7. Major Deliverables are the major end produ cts or items that are expected to be produced during and at the completion of the performance of the project. . Acceptance criteria describe the quantitative criteria for each major deliverable that the sponsor will use to verify that each deliverable meets certain performance specifications. 9. Milestone schedule is a list of target dates or times for the achievement of key events in the project timetable. 10. Key assumptions include those that the project rationale or justification is based on 11. Constraints could include such things as a requirement to complete the project without disrupting the current workflow. 12. Major risks identify any risk that the sponsor thinks has a high likelihood of occurrence or a high degree of potential impact. 13. Approval requirements define the limits of authority of the project manager. 14. Reporting requirements state the frequency and content of project status reports and reviews. 15. Sponsor designee is the person who the sponsor designates to act on behalf of the project sponsor. 16. Approval signature and date indicate that the sponsor has officially or formally authorized the project. Depending on the funding amount of the project, level of risk, or organizational reporting structure. The project scope defines what needs to be done. It is all the work that must be done to produce all the project deliverables, satisfy the sponsor or customer that all the work and deliverables meet the requirements or acceptance criteria, and accomplish the project objective. The project charter or request for proposal establishes the framework for further elaboration of the project scope. The project team or contractor prepares a project scope document that includes many of the items contained in the project charter, RFP, or contractor’s proposal, but in much greater detail. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. The project scope document usually contains the following sections: 1. Customer requirements define the functional or performance specifications for the project’s end product and other project deliverables. 2. Statement of Work (SOW) defines the major tasks or work elements that will need to be performed to accomplish the work that needs to be done and produce all the project deliverables. . Deliverables are the products or outputs that the project team or contractor will produce and provide to the customer during and at the completion of the performance of the project. Although major or key deliverables may be stated in the project charter or request for proposal, they need to be expanded on in greater detail in the project scope document. 4. Acceptance criteria for all project deliverables must be described in greater detail than what is stated in t he project charter or request for proposal. For each deliverable, the quantitative measures or references to specifications, standards, or codes that will be used should be stated, as the criteria will be the basis for the customer agreeing that a deliverable is acceptable. 5. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The major work elements defined in the statement of work section along with the detailed list of deliverables provide the basis for creating a work breakdown structure, which is a hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. The project scope document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. It is important to document the detailed requirements in the project scope document in order to establish a clear understanding with the sponsor or customer. Work Breakdown Structure End of Class Evaluation Task AssignedDiscussion Questions LettersassignmentsQuizzesExams Team WorkTeam leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2- Charter†¢Evaluation Contribution †¢Value added†¢Grammar †¢Run outs †¢value†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solutions†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solutions†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solution S C O P eCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequencyCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Enhancement structureCorrelation, Plagiarism Citation s, quality Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame CostTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Task assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Time frameWeek 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8 The Project Charter; The Project Charter Example is used by the sponsor of a project to announce a new project and to demonstrate that management is in support of this project. The Project Charter Example provides the outline for a new project and gives management a sense of direction for the project from beginning to end. This example is downloadable and customizable for your specific usage. Project scope; Project scope is the part of project planning that involves determining and documenting a list of specific project goals, deliverables, tasks, costs and deadlines. The documentation of a projects scope, which is called a scope statement, terms of reference or statement of work, explains the boundaries of the project, establishes responsibilities for each team member and sets up procedures for how completed work will be verified and approved. During the project, this documentation helps the project team remain focused and on task. The scope statement also provides the project team with guidelines for making decisions about change requests during the project. Project Charter: Acknowledges the existence of a project Scope Statement: Defines where the major objectives and what the project deliverables Differences between these two documents: Project Charter: †¢Official document created and approved by key stakeholders, after project idea has been identified †¢Developed by the corporate executive or sponsor †¢Defines the responsibilities and boundaries of the project manager and the project Scope Statement: After the project charter is approved, the project manager can proceed with launching team building activities and defining the scope of the project †¢Document that formalizes references the scope of everything that the project must produce that is used for future decision making †¢Developed by the project manager with his/her project team members †¢Acts as a response to the Sponso r/Project Charter Project planning; 1. develop plans with relevant people to achieve the projects goals; 2. break work down into tasks and determine handover procedures; 3. dentify links and dependencies, and schedule to achieve deliverables; 4. estimate and cost the human and physical resources required, and make plans to obtain the necessary resources; 5. allocate roles with clear lines of responsibility and accountability; 6. allocate tasks that are realistic and equitable and accommodate other workloads; 7. Establish appropriate and agreed meeting schedules, as well as reporting, control and communication methods. Project scope; The Project Scope pertains to the work necessary to deliver a product. Requirements and deliverables define the project scope, and it is critical that the stakeholder is in agreement with the information discussed in the proposed plan. Construction of a WBS; Identifying the main deliverables of a project is the starting point for deriving a work breakdown structure. This important step is usually done by the project managers and the subject matter experts (SMEs) involved in the project. Once this step is completed, the subject matter experts start breaking down the high-level tasks into smaller chunks of work. In the process of breaking down the tasks, one can break them down into different levels of detail. One can detail a high level task into ten sub tasks while another can detail the same high level task into 20 sub tasks. Therefore, there is no hard and fast rule on how you should breakdown a task in WBS. Rather, the level breakdown is a matter of the project type and the management style followed for the project. In general, there are a few rules used for determining the smallest task chunk. In two weeks rule, nothing is broken down smaller than two weeks work of work. This means, the smallest task of the WBS is at least two week long. 8/80 is another rule used when creating a WBS. This rule implies that no task should be smaller than 8 hours of work and should not be larger than 80 hours of work. One can use many forms to display their WBS. Some use tree structure to illustrate the WBS, while others use lists and tables. Outlining is one of the easiest ways of representing a WBS. The right mix of planning, monitoring, and controlling can make the difference in completing a project on time, on budget, and with high quality results. These guidelines will help you plan the work and work the plan. Given the high rate of project failures, you might think that companies would be happy to just have their project finish with some degree of success. That’s not the case. Despite the odds, organizations expect projects to be completed faster, cheaper, and better. The only way that these objectives can be met is through the use of effective project management processes and techniques. This list outlines the major phases of managing a project and discusses key steps for each one. Note: This article is also available as a PDF download. PLANNING 1: Plan the work by utilizing a project definition document †¢ Project overview †¢ Objectives †¢ Scope †¢ Assumptions and risks †¢ Approach †¢ Organization: Show the significant roles on the project. †¢ Signature page: Ask the sponsor and key stakeholders to approve this document, signifying that they agree on what is planned. †¢ Initial effort, cost, and duration estimates: These should start as best-guess estimates and then be revised, if necessary, when the work plan is completed. 2: Create a planning horizon After the project definition has been prepared, the work plan can be created. The work plan provides the step-by-step instructions for constructing project deliverables and managing the project. 3: Define project management procedures up front 4: Manage the work plan and monitor the schedule and budget Once the project has been planned sufficiently, execution of the work can begin. †¢ Review the work plan on a regular basis to determine how you are progressing in terms of schedule and budget. †¢ Identify activities that have been completed during the previous time period and update the work plan to show they are finished. Determine whether there are any other activities that should be completed but have not been. †¢ Monitor the budget. 5: Look for warning signs Look for signs that the project may be in trouble. These could include the following: †¢ A small variance in schedule or budget starts to get bigger, especially early in the project. There is a tendency to think you can make it up, but this is a warning. If the tendencies are not corrected quickly, the impact will be unrecoverable. †¢ You discover that activities you think have already been completed are still being worked on. For example, users whom you think have been migrated to a new platform are still not. †¢ You need to rely on unscheduled overtime to hit the deadlines, especially early in the project. †¢ Team morale starts to decline. †¢ Deliverable quality or service quality starts to deteriorate. For instance, users start to complain that their converted e-mail folders are not working correctly. †¢ Quality-control steps, testing activities, and project management time starts to be cut back from the original schedule. A big project, such as an Exchange migration, can affect everyone in your organization. Don’t cut back on the activities that ensure the work is done correctly. 6: Ensure that the sponsor approves scope-change requests 7: Guard against scope creep 8: Identify risks up front 9: Continue to assess potential risks throughout the project 10: Resolve issues as quickly as possible Create Work Breakdown Structure Once the project scope document has been prepared and agreed on, the next step in the planning phase is to create a detailed work breakdown structure (WBS), which is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. Having a comprehensive project scope document is important because it is the foundation for creating the work breakdown structure. The project scope document defined what needs to be done in terms of the statement of work and deliverables, and the WBS establishes the framework for how the work will get done to produce the project deliverables. Creating a WBS is a structured approach for organizing all the project work and deliverables into logical groupings and subdividing them into more manageable components to help ensure that all the work and deliverables to complete the project are identified and included in the baseline project plan. It is a hierarchical tree of deliverables or end items that will be accomplished or produced by the project team or contractor during the project. The work breakdown structure subdivides the project into smaller pieces called work items. The lowest-level work item of any one branch is called a work package. The work package includes all of the specific work activities that need to be performed to produce the deliverable associated with that work package. The WBS should be decomposed to a level that identifies individual work packages for each specific deliverable listed in the project scope document. Often the WBS includes a separate work package labeled â€Å"project management† that is for all the work associated with managing the project such as preparing progress reports; conducting review meetings; planning, monitoring, and tracking schedules and budgets, and so on. The accomplishment or production of all of these lowest-level work packages in the work breakdown structure constitutes completion of the project work scope. Project Management Essay Example Project Management Essay a) What are some of the items contained in the Project Charter? b) What phase is the Project Scope produced? What are some of the items contained in this document? c) What phase is the WBS produced? A; a)The project charter is the planning team’s concise statement of core goals, values, and intent in order to provide the ultimate policy direction for everything that comes next. Items contained in project charter are; 1. Project title should be concise and create a vision for the end result of the project. 2. Purpose summarizes the need and justification for the project. . Description provides a high-level description of the project. 4. Objective is a statement of what is expected to be accomplished. 5. Success criteria or expected benefits indicate the outcomes or expected quantitative benefits that will result from implementation of the project. 6. Funding indicates the total amount of funds the sponsor authorizes for the project. 7. Major Deliverables are the major end produ cts or items that are expected to be produced during and at the completion of the performance of the project. . Acceptance criteria describe the quantitative criteria for each major deliverable that the sponsor will use to verify that each deliverable meets certain performance specifications. 9. Milestone schedule is a list of target dates or times for the achievement of key events in the project timetable. 10. Key assumptions include those that the project rationale or justification is based on 11. Constraints could include such things as a requirement to complete the project without disrupting the current workflow. 12. Major risks identify any risk that the sponsor thinks has a high likelihood of occurrence or a high degree of potential impact. 13. Approval requirements define the limits of authority of the project manager. 14. Reporting requirements state the frequency and content of project status reports and reviews. 15. Sponsor designee is the person who the sponsor designates to act on behalf of the project sponsor. 16. Approval signature and date indicate that the sponsor has officially or formally authorized the project. Depending on the funding amount of the project, level of risk, or organizational reporting structure. The project scope defines what needs to be done. It is all the work that must be done to produce all the project deliverables, satisfy the sponsor or customer that all the work and deliverables meet the requirements or acceptance criteria, and accomplish the project objective. The project charter or request for proposal establishes the framework for further elaboration of the project scope. The project team or contractor prepares a project scope document that includes many of the items contained in the project charter, RFP, or contractor’s proposal, but in much greater detail. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. The project scope document usually contains the following sections: 1. Customer requirements define the functional or performance specifications for the project’s end product and other project deliverables. 2. Statement of Work (SOW) defines the major tasks or work elements that will need to be performed to accomplish the work that needs to be done and produce all the project deliverables. . Deliverables are the products or outputs that the project team or contractor will produce and provide to the customer during and at the completion of the performance of the project. Although major or key deliverables may be stated in the project charter or request for proposal, they need to be expanded on in greater detail in the project scope document. 4. Acceptance criteria for all project deliverables must be described in greater detail than what is stated in t he project charter or request for proposal. For each deliverable, the quantitative measures or references to specifications, standards, or codes that will be used should be stated, as the criteria will be the basis for the customer agreeing that a deliverable is acceptable. 5. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The major work elements defined in the statement of work section along with the detailed list of deliverables provide the basis for creating a work breakdown structure, which is a hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. The project scope document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. It is important to document the detailed requirements in the project scope document in order to establish a clear understanding with the sponsor or customer. Work Breakdown Structure End of Class Evaluation Task AssignedDiscussion Questions LettersassignmentsQuizzesExams Team WorkTeam leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2- Charter†¢Evaluation Contribution †¢Value added†¢Grammar †¢Run outs †¢value†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solutions†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solutions†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solution S C O P eCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequencyCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Enhancement structureCorrelation, Plagiarism Citation s, quality Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame CostTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Task assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Time frameWeek 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8 The Project Charter; The Project Charter Example is used by the sponsor of a project to announce a new project and to demonstrate that management is in support of this project. The Project Charter Example provides the outline for a new project and gives management a sense of direction for the project from beginning to end. This example is downloadable and customizable for your specific usage. Project scope; Project scope is the part of project planning that involves determining and documenting a list of specific project goals, deliverables, tasks, costs and deadlines. The documentation of a projects scope, which is called a scope statement, terms of reference or statement of work, explains the boundaries of the project, establishes responsibilities for each team member and sets up procedures for how completed work will be verified and approved. During the project, this documentation helps the project team remain focused and on task. The scope statement also provides the project team with guidelines for making decisions about change requests during the project. Project Charter: Acknowledges the existence of a project Scope Statement: Defines where the major objectives and what the project deliverables Differences between these two documents: Project Charter: †¢Official document created and approved by key stakeholders, after project idea has been identified †¢Developed by the corporate executive or sponsor †¢Defines the responsibilities and boundaries of the project manager and the project Scope Statement: After the project charter is approved, the project manager can proceed with launching team building activities and defining the scope of the project †¢Document that formalizes references the scope of everything that the project must produce that is used for future decision making †¢Developed by the project manager with his/her project team members †¢Acts as a response to the Sponso r/Project Charter Project planning; 1. develop plans with relevant people to achieve the projects goals; 2. break work down into tasks and determine handover procedures; 3. dentify links and dependencies, and schedule to achieve deliverables; 4. estimate and cost the human and physical resources required, and make plans to obtain the necessary resources; 5. allocate roles with clear lines of responsibility and accountability; 6. allocate tasks that are realistic and equitable and accommodate other workloads; 7. Establish appropriate and agreed meeting schedules, as well as reporting, control and communication methods. Project scope; The Project Scope pertains to the work necessary to deliver a product. Requirements and deliverables define the project scope, and it is critical that the stakeholder is in agreement with the information discussed in the proposed plan. Construction of a WBS; Identifying the main deliverables of a project is the starting point for deriving a work breakdown structure. This important step is usually done by the project managers and the subject matter experts (SMEs) involved in the project. Once this step is completed, the subject matter experts start breaking down the high-level tasks into smaller chunks of work. In the process of breaking down the tasks, one can break them down into different levels of detail. One can detail a high level task into ten sub tasks while another can detail the same high level task into 20 sub tasks. Therefore, there is no hard and fast rule on how you should breakdown a task in WBS. Rather, the level breakdown is a matter of the project type and the management style followed for the project. In general, there are a few rules used for determining the smallest task chunk. In two weeks rule, nothing is broken down smaller than two weeks work of work. This means, the smallest task of the WBS is at least two week long. 8/80 is another rule used when creating a WBS. This rule implies that no task should be smaller than 8 hours of work and should not be larger than 80 hours of work. One can use many forms to display their WBS. Some use tree structure to illustrate the WBS, while others use lists and tables. Outlining is one of the easiest ways of representing a WBS. The right mix of planning, monitoring, and controlling can make the difference in completing a project on time, on budget, and with high quality results. These guidelines will help you plan the work and work the plan. Given the high rate of project failures, you might think that companies would be happy to just have their project finish with some degree of success. That’s not the case. Despite the odds, organizations expect projects to be completed faster, cheaper, and better. The only way that these objectives can be met is through the use of effective project management processes and techniques. This list outlines the major phases of managing a project and discusses key steps for each one. Note: This article is also available as a PDF download. PLANNING 1: Plan the work by utilizing a project definition document †¢ Project overview †¢ Objectives †¢ Scope †¢ Assumptions and risks †¢ Approach †¢ Organization: Show the significant roles on the project. †¢ Signature page: Ask the sponsor and key stakeholders to approve this document, signifying that they agree on what is planned. †¢ Initial effort, cost, and duration estimates: These should start as best-guess estimates and then be revised, if necessary, when the work plan is completed. 2: Create a planning horizon After the project definition has been prepared, the work plan can be created. The work plan provides the step-by-step instructions for constructing project deliverables and managing the project. 3: Define project management procedures up front 4: Manage the work plan and monitor the schedule and budget Once the project has been planned sufficiently, execution of the work can begin. †¢ Review the work plan on a regular basis to determine how you are progressing in terms of schedule and budget. †¢ Identify activities that have been completed during the previous time period and update the work plan to show they are finished. Determine whether there are any other activities that should be completed but have not been. †¢ Monitor the budget. 5: Look for warning signs Look for signs that the project may be in trouble. These could include the following: †¢ A small variance in schedule or budget starts to get bigger, especially early in the project. There is a tendency to think you can make it up, but this is a warning. If the tendencies are not corrected quickly, the impact will be unrecoverable. †¢ You discover that activities you think have already been completed are still being worked on. For example, users whom you think have been migrated to a new platform are still not. †¢ You need to rely on unscheduled overtime to hit the deadlines, especially early in the project. †¢ Team morale starts to decline. †¢ Deliverable quality or service quality starts to deteriorate. For instance, users start to complain that their converted e-mail folders are not working correctly. †¢ Quality-control steps, testing activities, and project management time starts to be cut back from the original schedule. A big project, such as an Exchange migration, can affect everyone in your organization. Don’t cut back on the activities that ensure the work is done correctly. 6: Ensure that the sponsor approves scope-change requests 7: Guard against scope creep 8: Identify risks up front 9: Continue to assess potential risks throughout the project 10: Resolve issues as quickly as possible Create Work Breakdown Structure Once the project scope document has been prepared and agreed on, the next step in the planning phase is to create a detailed work breakdown structure (WBS), which is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. Having a comprehensive project scope document is important because it is the foundation for creating the work breakdown structure. The project scope document defined what needs to be done in terms of the statement of work and deliverables, and the WBS establishes the framework for how the work will get done to produce the project deliverables. Creating a WBS is a structured approach for organizing all the project work and deliverables into logical groupings and subdividing them into more manageable components to help ensure that all the work and deliverables to complete the project are identified and included in the baseline project plan. It is a hierarchical tree of deliverables or end items that will be accomplished or produced by the project team or contractor during the project. The work breakdown structure subdivides the project into smaller pieces called work items. The lowest-level work item of any one branch is called a work package. The work package includes all of the specific work activities that need to be performed to produce the deliverable associated with that work package. The WBS should be decomposed to a level that identifies individual work packages for each specific deliverable listed in the project scope document. Often the WBS includes a separate work package labeled â€Å"project management† that is for all the work associated with managing the project such as preparing progress reports; conducting review meetings; planning, monitoring, and tracking schedules and budgets, and so on. The accomplishment or production of all of these lowest-level work packages in the work breakdown structure constitutes completion of the project work scope.