Samuel :: Short Stories War Violence Essays

Samuel He looked into her eyes and proceeded to tell her how beautiful she was to him. He had to her many times before, and every time she would smile and look away. Sometimes he wasn’t really sure how things came to be. No-matter how bad things had become, he always found strength in her. Now there was a baby on the way, his whole life was turning around. The child was born in a place where war and hardship had become a commonality. He was given the name Samuel by his mother. Before Samuel was even born, his father was killed while fighting on the outskirts of town, and in his mother’s heart there was left a hole that was kept from consuming her only by the hope and anticipation of her son that would soon be born. Still, she could not imagine bringing a boy up in such a war ravaged place, and without a father. However, she loved her son enough to keep them both alive, and for twelve years they held strong against the harsh cold, bullets, and starvation. Like Samuel’s father, death and war would soon claim Samuel‘s mother. The inevitable occurred when Samuel’s mother was hit by gunfire in the market place. Now he was alone. His mother, the only person who loved him, had gone. He ran to her that day and held her head and prayed for her life. She was gone before she even touched the ground. Still the boy held her. He felt sick and cold on the icy asphalt but he could not move. However, he did not cry. Maybe he could not cry. He was strong, and naturally he would stay strong through the tough times, but this was different. He felt something he had never felt before. He quickly learned the ways of war and learned to fight. He could no longer find forgiveness or wholeness in his heart. For the next part of his life he was driven only by his vengeance and passion for his dead mother. Nothing anyone could say or do could mend his broken heart. He was too consumed by the void in his life that the kind words of friends and cousins had become little more than echoes in an endless gray space.

Case Questions for Product and Brand Management

American Express 1. What explains the American Express card’s success over the past fifty years? 2. What challenges face the American Express card in 2008? 3. Delineate and rank in order the various growth options open to the American Express card. 4. How is an imminent economic recession likely to affect the revenues and profits of the American Express card? Red Bull 1. What created Red Bull’s success? What is the core franchise and benefit? Has the product’s positioning changed over time?What is the role of alcohol mixing in Red Bull’s success? 2. What is Red Bull’s success formula? For which kind of product/beverage categories will this formula work? How does Red Bull know when to turn on the advertising? What metrics would you use to make this judgment? 3. Why did the first UK launch go awry? 4. What changes were made for the US market? Should other changes be considered? 5. Assume tough competition is coming. How can Red Bull affect its franchi se? What actions would you recommend? 6. What should Coke’s competitors do?Coke? Pepsi? Anheuser-Busch? 7. If you were an investor in Red Bull, would you take your money and run or wait for the long haul? Starbucks 1. What is Starbucks’ strategy? 2. Given your assessment of its competitive premise, how should it leverage its resources and capabilities to achieve its growth objective? 3. How will you respond to McDonald’s offer? 4. Now that Starbucks is entering India, what branding strategy would you recommend to the Starbucks management to establish the Starbucks brand in the Indian market?

American Heart Association

According to American Heart Association website aha. org, lack of information about heart disease led to the thinking that a heart patient was doomed and ought to take complete bed rest.In 1915 a pioneering group of physicians and social workers formed an Association for â€Å"Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease in New York City† and investigate the possibility of their return to work. In 1920s these groups evolved into heart associations in Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago. In 1924 six cardiologists namely Dr. Lewis A. Conner and Dr. Robert H.  Halsey of New York; Dr. Paul D.White of Boston; Dr. Joseph Sailer of Philadelphia; Dr. Robert B. Preble of Chicago; and Dr. Hugh D. McCulloch of St. Louis affiliated to different groups founded a national organization – American Heart Association to â€Å"share research findings and promote further study. † In addition Dr. James B. Herrick of Chicago and Dr. William S. Thayer of Baltimore were instrumental in early p lanning. In 1946 AHA received $50,000 donation from American Legion for conducting research and â€Å"develop a community rheumatic fever program.† In 1948 AHA reorganized by recruiting non-medical volunteers with skills in business management, communication, public education, community organization and fund raising to broaden its scope and operations. Later this year AHA made public debut through network radio contest programs â€Å"The Walking Man,† on the â€Å"Truth or Consequences† hosted by Ralph Edwards receiving contributions and guesses from millions of Americans earning $1. 75 million and identifying Jack Benny as the â€Å"Walking Man. † American Heart Association divisions were organized all over the country by a small national staff in New York City.A first national fund-raising campaign was launched in February 1949 and an amount of $2. 7 million was raised. Since then the organization has developed in leaps and bounds in all respects such a s financial resources, involving medical and non-medical volunteers, size and influence. The National Center of AHA was shifted to Dallas in 1975 from New York City for serving the affiliates and local divisions in a better way. These affiliates are led by volunteers and form a national network of local AHA organizations involved in various activities such as research, education, community programs and fund raising for the organization.The organization laid emphasis on cardiovascular science, cardiovascular education, community programs and fund raising efforts. AHA could achieve better research standards, newer healthcare site modules and also developed various new cookbooks. Inclusion of women and minorities in the leadership ranks paid off by providing a chance to understand impact of heart disease and stroke on women and minorities. The organization created new divisions for dealing with stroke and emergency cardiac care.In order to economize and provide wider publicity the asso ciation decided to outsource the scientific journals and publish them online. In March 1995 the AHA adopted a strategic driving force which describes the usage resources to support its mission. The driving force can be described in five parts as follows: †¢ Credible information services and products on heart disease and stroke †¢ Multiple distribution channels to meet customers’ needs †¢ Consumer markets restricted to the United States †¢ Prioritization relative to risk †¢ Science and community mobilization as foundation.The strategic driving force of the organization can be described as â€Å"Effecting change by providing information and solutions for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in people of all ages, with special emphasis on those at high risk. † Impact goal of the organization is to reduce coronary heart disease, stroke and risk to 25 per cent by the year 2010. Indicators of the impact goal being the fo llowing: ? Reduced death rate from coronary heart disease and stroke by 25 percent ? Reduced prevalence of smoking, high blood cholesterol and physical inactivity by 25 percent? Reduced rate of uncontrolled high blood pressure by 25 percent ? Elimination of the growth of overweight and diabetes. The AHA has its National Center at Dallas, Texas and 12 affiliate offices covering the US and Puerto Rico with the operations being divided into seven main areas as stated below (a rough outline of each area are mentioned below): 1. Office of the CEO: Administration, Communications, Legal, Food Certification and Consumer publications. 2. Advocacy: Public Advocacy (Washington, D. C. ), Health Initiatives and Field Advocacy (State/Local Public Policy) and Minority initiatives.3. Corporate Operations: Finance, Human Resources, Production and Distribution and Audit and Consulting Services. 4. Field Operations and Development: Development, Major Donor Development, Corporate Relations, Strategic A ccounts, Emergency Cardiovascular Care Programs and American Stroke Association. 5. Healthcare Markets: American Stroke Association, Strategic Alliances, and Patient Education. 6. Science Operations: Research Administration and Scientific Publishing, Science and Medicine, Professional Education, Scientific Meetings and Marketing and Patient Education.7. Technology and Customer Strategies: Customer Relations, Digital Strategies and Information Technology. Three stake holders affected due to agency’s action include American Stroke Association, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the organizations publishing the scientific journals for AHA. In concluding remarks I would like to state that American Heart Association as discussed above has risen from a small association to a major one with well planned set of activities and functions.The organizational structure depicts stability with excellent services to mankind and is bound to gain recognition internationally in times to come. References History of the American Heart Association. American Heart Association (2007). Retrieved on February 09, 2007 from: http://www. americanheart. org/presenter. jhtml? identifier=10860 Organizational Structure. American Heart Association (2007). Retrieved on February 09, 2007 from: http://www. americanheart. org/presenter. jhtml? identifier=11282

Limestonr Doorway From the Palace essays

Limestonr Doorway From the Palace essays During the Nineteenth Dynasty a great many changes started to happen in Egypt. In the year 1225 BC King Ramses II had died at the age of over ninety leaving the throne to his thirteenth son Merenptah (IV.150). When Merenptah began his rule he was well into his later years in life, approximately in his mid fifties. Although Merenptah only reigned for roughly ten years, his days were filled will both battle and rejoice many that have shaped artifact imagery that has been uncovered within the past century. One particular artifact that I would like to describe can be found at the University Museum of Archeology and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. The piece is a limestone doorway from the palace of King Merenptah at Memphis (see Appendix A). This piece represents one of six identical doorways in King Merenptahs palace. The doorway is covered with hieroglyphics that tell many stories of Merenptahs life and symbolic features of Egypt. Before I can describe the details of the hieroglyphs, a brief history of Merenptahs reign should be told. This history develops when the king took office, through his many battles over past grudges and territorial locations, and where and how he died. When Merenptah took over as the head of Egypt, his father Ramses II had left many territorial battles unfinished and in disputes with foreign national leaders. Records show that after Ramses II passed, no wartime outbreaks occurred immediately, but just three years after Merenptah assumed reign there was a widespread revolt against the new king (I.465). Several groups claimed war against Egypt including a group in Asia, the Yenoam and Gezers in Ajalon, and the Askalons at the gates of Egypt. Despite the kings old age, Merenptah fought battles against the Yenoams, Asians, Askalons, Gezers, and also the Hittiles who were a great enemy of Ramses II. All battles were successfully won and the king had gained the r...

Which Colleges Require All ACT Scores Sent

Which Colleges Require All ACT Scores Sent SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Wondering which colleges require you to send allyour ACT scores when you apply?We have a list here of the most popular schools that require all scores, as well as a guide to looking up this information for any school in the country. Read on to learn which colleges want to see your entire ACT testing history. What to Know Before You Send ACT Scores Nearly all colleges require you to send either SAT scores or ACT scores as part of your application. But colleges differ on how they handle multiple sets of scores, such astwo sets of ACT scores. Some colleges require you to send your entire ACT testing record if you took the ACT more than once- even if that means sending some not-so-great scores. Other colleges are fine with you just sending scores from one ACT test date. While most colleges are fine with receiving just one set of ACT scores, there are many- including some high-profile schools- that require your entire testing history. We will reveal them below. Which Schools Require All ACT Scores? There is no comprehensive list from ACT, Inc. of all the colleges that require all ACT scores (unlike the College Board, which provides a list of all the colleges requiring all SAT scores). However, schools will say on their admissions websites whether they require all ACT scores, usually quite clearly. If they don't require all scores, they'll just give the usual spiel about requiring at least one SAT or ACT score per application. We were able to put together this guide by researching admissions sites of various colleges and universities.In terms of methodology, we looked up the most popular/top-tier schools from our SAT all scores list to see whether they also require all ACT scores (hint: many of them do!). From our research, we found that schools that didn’t require all SAT scores never required all ACT Scores either. Even more interesting, some of the schools that require all SAT scores don’t require all ACT scores (as one might assume)- we'll list some of those below, too. Anytime admissions websites weren’t clear, we called admissions offices directly to confirm the school's ACT score policy. By doing this, we were able to come up with a list of more than a dozen high-profile schools that require all ACT scores. Sometimes just dialing up an admissions officer is the easiest way to get info about a college's ACT policy. Colleges That Require You to Send All ACT Scores It's time for the list! Below are some well-known colleges that require applicants to submit all ACT scores with their applications. Barnard College "Barnard does not participate in score choice and requires students to send all standardized testing scores....For the ACT, we will use your highest composite; we do not superscore the ACT. ...We have always practiced the spirit of score choice. However, we do prefer to see a student's full testing history to have a complete picture."* *Emphasis mine Barnard College, which is an all-women’s school associated with Columbia University, requires all ACT scores for admission. It’s worth noting that this scores policy is stricter than Columbia's. Carnegie Mellon University "All applicants are required to submit all official results of either the old SAT Reasoning Test/SAT Test or the ACT Test.* ... While we're interested in the general pattern of your scores, we give most weight to the highest score you've received on any of the exams." *Emphasis mine Note that Carnegie Mellon is interested in the "general pattern" of your scores- i.e., when they went up, when they went down, and what your overall ACT score ranges are. This is typical for schools that require all scores. That being said, the highest score you receive will be given the most weight. Georgetown University "Georgetown University does not participate in the Score Choice option available through the College Board. Georgetown requires that you submit scores fromall test sittingsof the SAT, ACT, and SAT Subject Tests." Georgetown explains their all scores policy by saying that having the full testing history allows them to assess applicants across the pool fairly. Even though your highest scores are the ones that will receive the most attention, your lower ACT scores will receive at least some consideration as well. Rice University "The ACT's definition of a composite score is the average of the four multiple-choice scale scores from a single administration of the exam. Therefore, it is Rice’s policy to use the highest ACT composite score in admission consideration from a single administration." I called to clarify that Rice requires all ACT scores since it's not explicit on their website. Rice does, in fact, require all ACT scores,though they'll use your highest composite when they review your file. Stanford University "All scores from all high school sittings of either the ACT or SAT (or both if you took both) are required. ...For the ACT, we will review all subscores and will focus on the highest Composite and the highest English and writing scores from all test sittings." You should note that Stanford requires all ACT scores and all SAT scores- not just one or the other. This is one of the strictest standardized test policies around! Syracuse University Syracuse University is on the College Board’s list of schools that require all SAT scores. They also say on their website, "The Admissions Committee will consider the highest score you have achieved on either the SAT or ACT"(bold emphasis mine). I called and confirmed their ACT score policy since it wasn’t specified on their website. So is ita requirement to send all ACT scores to Syracuse? Here's what they said: "Yes, it is a requirement to send all of your [ACT] scores. ... You do send all your scores and then we look at the highest scores." Even though Syracuse will focus on your highest score, they require you to send all ACT scores. University of California System "In the College Board's Score Choice module, ensure that all scores are sent to UC.* We require all scores and will use the highest scores from a single administration. For the ACT with Writing test, we will focus on the highest combined score from the same test administration." *Emphasis mine I called and confirmed that this means you have to send all ACT scores as well, even if they will just focus on your highest overall composite. So if you’re interested in any of the UC schools- from UC Berkeley to UCLA to UC Davis- be prepared to send all of your ACT scores for them to review. University of Miami "If you take the [ACT or SAT] more than once, please ensure that the testing agency sends all of your scores so that we have your best performance on record.*The Admission Committee will consider all official test scores from multiple test dates. We will use the highest composite score from among each test that you’ve taken." *Emphasis mine While the University of Miami seems committed to just looking at your highest ACT scores, they do require all scores to make sure they know an applicant’s entire testing record. University of Pennsylvania "Although we permit Score Choice, we encourage students to submit their entire testing history for both ACT and SAT exams." It's worth noting that Penn used to have a much stricter test scores policy that was similar to Stanford's. Now, however, it strongly recommends (but does not require) applicants to submit all ACT scoresand SAT scores. Yale University "Applicants who have taken the SAT or ACT exam multiple times should report all scores from whichever test they choose to report.Applicants who choose to report scores from both the SAT and ACT should report all scores received on both tests.* ...When assessing ACT results, admissions officers focus on the highest ACT Composite from all test dates while also considering individual ACTsubscores." *Emphasis mine Yale’s policy is similar to Stanford’s in that they require all SAT scores and all ACT scores if you took both tests.However, note that with the ACT, they will be focusing the most on your highest composite score. Colleges That Require All SAT Scores but Not All ACT Scores There are a few colleges that require all SAT scores but don’t have the same policy for the ACT. Although none of the schools explained- either on their websites or by phone- why their policies are different for the SAT and ACT, we have a couple of guesses. Our first guess has to do with cost. The SAT does not charge extra money to send additional score dates to a school, whereas the ACT does. While it costs $12 to send all of your SAT scores to one college, it could cost $26 or even $39 to do the same with the ACT, depending on how many times you’ve taken the test. Colleges that are aware of this might have made their ACT policies more lenient as a result. Not everyone has bags of money to spend on college admissions ... Our second guess is the way the two tests are evaluated. Though many colleges are interested in a student’s highest SAT score on each section (Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing), with the ACT, they often care the most about your overall composite score. This might be because the ACT’s final composite is evenly balanced between Reading, English, Math, and Science, whereas the SAT’s composite gives half the weight to Math and one-fourth the weight each to Reading and Writing. If a college will be looking at the highest ACT composite score, they're likely fine with the student just sending that one score. By contrast, for the SAT, they might want to see all sittings of that test so they can compare subsections. We’ve listed some high-profile schools here that require all SAT scores but not all ACT scores to help you decide between the two tests. Cornell University "Allrequired scoresmust be officially reported to Cornell from the testing agency by our application deadline.Note that Cornell requires students to submit all scores from SAT tests taken and does not participate in the College Board’s Score Choice." However, when I called and talked to an admissions representative, I was told that all ACT scores do not have to be submitted- this policy only applies to the SAT. So for Cornell, feel free to send just your best ACT score. The George Washington University George Washington isa test-optional school, meaning it does not require SAT or ACT scores (though applicants may submit them if desired). However, the school still appears on the College Board’s all scores list for the SAT, suggesting that if you do decide to send SAT scores, you should send all of them. It was not clear whether this policy applies to the ACT as well, soI called the university and asked whether students who choose to submit ACT scores must send all their scores. I received a short, simple answer:"No, you’re not required to send all your ACT scores."For GWU, you only have to send your best ACT score (if you choose to submit any at all). Pomona College "We do not require that you submit multiple test scores. We do recommend it because we superscore," I was told by an admissions counselor when I asked whether applicants must send all ACT scores to Pomona. Be aware that Pomona superscores the ACT, meaning they'll take your highest section scores from different test dates and combine them to make your highest possible composite score. If you have two ACT dates that could be superscored into a markedly higher composite, it might be worth it to send both score dates to Pomona. Texas AM University Are you required to send all ACT scores to Texas AM? Here's what they said when I called them: "You could just send one [set of ACT scores], but it’s not going to hurt you to send multiple scores." So while Texas AM will look at only your highest ACT composite, you can send just one score if you want. Tufts University From speaking to an admissions representative at Tufts, I learned that "it’s not a requirement, but is suggested to send all ACT scores."So if you have high section scores spread across two different ACT dates, you might want to send both dates to Tufts. However, you can also just send the highest composite score if you want to save money! University of Washington I called the University of Washington to ask whether they require all ACT scores or not. Here's what they said: "We request you send all scores from the SAT exams. We recommend you send all of your ACT scores. On our website it does not specify that you send all ACT scores, so you can just send one."* *Emphasis mine How to Find the ACT Score Policy for Any College Our list above doesn't include every single college that requires all ACT scores. So how can you find out whether a school you're interested in applying to requires your entire ACT testing history? Let's go through the process together, step by step. First, check to see whether the school is on the all SAT scores list. If it is, it’s very likely that it'll also require all ACT scores. You can still look up the school even if it’s not on the list. Just note that it’s probable that if a school doesn’t require all SAT scores, neither will it require all ACT scores. For example, I'm searching for the ACT score policy at Amherst College. They did not appear on the list of schools that require all SAT scores, so I don't expect them to require all ACT scores either. Next,go to the school's undergraduate admissions website tofind the first-year application requirements page.(You can just search "[School Name] first year/freshmen admission" to look this up quickly.) This page will list the standardized testing required to apply. Many all-test-scores schools will specify their policies here. Here's what I got when I searched for "amherst college first year admission": Click on the link to your school's official application requirements page. On Amherst's "First-Year Applicants" page, there's a section about standardized test results that looks like this: Amherst "recommend[s] that applicants submit all test results" (bold emphasis mine). Since they don't say require, it looks like you can just send your best ACT score. I'll check the FAQ page just to make sure, though. If there's nothing on Score Choice or all scores on your school's "First-Year Requirements" page, find the FAQ page and see whether there's a question about it.Here are some questions to look out for: Do you accept SAT Score Choice Can I submit the ACT/SAT more than once? How many times should I take the ACT/SAT? Here's the closest answer on Amherst's FAQ page I could find having to do with sending multiple test results: Amherst uses the phrase, "If the applicant submits multiple ACT results," implying that you most likely do not need to send all ACT scores. Given that Amherst is not on the SAT all scores list and doesn't seem strict about how many test scores it receives, it's probably safe to conclude that Amherst does not require all ACT scores. If there’s no FAQ page or relevant question you can find, contact the school's admissions office by phone or email. The admissions office contact information is often listed at the bottom of the website. Be sure to ask the following question: "If I take the ACT twice, am I required to send both scores as part of my application?" If they say yes, ask this follow-up question to confirm:"So I’m required to send all of my ACT scores to [School Name]?" If they so no, then ask this follow-up: "So if I send just one of my ACT scores, that meets your standardized testing requirement?" Once you get your answer, don't forget to thank them for their time or ask any other questions you might have about the application process. The Workaround: Deleting an ACT Score Date To recap, we've discovered it’s fairly rare for a college to require all ACT scores. That said, some very popular schools, such as Stanford, Georgetown, and Yale, do require all of your ACT scores. There are some good reasons to not want to send all of your ACT scores, especially to competitive schools. The first is cost. As previously mentioned, ACT, Inc.charges you per score date and per school to send your ACT scores.So if you took the ACT three times, you'd have to pay $39 ($13 for each test date) just to send your scores to one all-scores school. If you're applying to multiple colleges, these costs can add up quickly. The second reason to avoid sending all of your ACT scores is competitiveness. If you have a low composite score from one test date, it could damage your chances of getting accepted toa competitive school. All in all, if you really don’t want to send all of your ACT scores and you've got one score date that's decidedly better than your other ones (meaning the composite is higher and most, if not all, of the subscores are higher), it's a good idea tokeep the high score- and delete the other ones. To delete an ACT score, you must submit a written request to ACT, Inc. They will then send you a form to fill out, which you will send back to complete the process.Read our guide to deleting ACT scoresfor more information on how to do this and to learn more about what deleting ACT scores means for you. What’s Next? Is your ACT score good enough? Learn what an excellent ACT score is for your top-choice schools. Did you know a high ACT score can also help you net thousands of dollars in scholarships? See our list of automatic scholarships for high ACT scoresfor more information. Studying for an ACT retake? Learn how to stop running out of time on the Math and Reading sections, and check out our complete guide to ACT Science- it’s the best around! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Various sources of short-term finance Assignment

Various sources of short-term finance - Assignment Example The researcher of this essay aims to pay special attention to various kinds of short-term finance sources available to the business entities. Four of those short-term sources are discussed below. Trade credit is a conventional source of short-term finance such that the traders and manufacturers are facilitated by their suppliers to purchase the raw material on credit. The amount of credit is not provided in the form of cash rather the goods are supplied by the suppliers to the manufacturers or traders with facility to pay for those goods after a certain time period generally ranging from 30 to 90 days. Banks also provide the short term credit facility to their customers especially to the business with the availability of funds in the form cash. Normally banks offer different kinds of credit facilities including loans, overdrafts, cash credit and discounting of short-term bills. At times, when the goods are quite costly or they are to be delivered in bulk and large quantities, the cus tomers are asked by the companies to at least pay some amount in the form of advances. These advance payments are used by the companies to meet their short-term obligations. Cooperative banks are created at the district, community levels such that these banks offer credit facilities to the business entities. They offer better credit facilities as compared to the commercial banks in terms of interest rates and the repayment of the credit. ... ntional source of short-term finance such that the traders and manufacturers are facilitated by their suppliers to purchase the raw material on credit. The amount of credit is not provided in the form of cash rather the goods are supplied by the suppliers to the manufacturers or traders with facility to pay for those goods after a certain time period generally ranging from 30 to 90 days. Bank Credit Banks also provide the short term credit facility to their customers especially to the business with the availability of funds in the form cash. Normally banks offer different kinds of credit facilities including loans, overdrafts, cash credit and discounting of short-term bills. These facilities mainly differ in terms of interest rates, repayment mechanisms, credit limits, etc. Customer’s Advances At times, when the goods are quite costly or they are to be delivered in bulk and large quantities, the customers are asked by the companies to at least pay some amount in the form of ad vances. These advance payments are used by the companies to meet their short-term obligations. Generally, the customers do not feel any hesitation in providing advances to the customers when they are aware of the fact that those goods would require some time to be delivered and the goods are also not available easily elsewhere. Loans from Cooperative Banks Cooperative banks are created at the district, community levels such that these banks offer credit facilities to the business entities. They offer better credit facilities as compared to the commercial banks in terms of interest rates and the repayment of the credit. However, those business concerns are obliged to become the members of those communities in order to avail the credit facilities provided by these cooperative banks. Comparison of

Relection on Total knee replacement surgery Research Paper

Relection on Total knee replacement surgery - Research Paper Example After the knee is open, a four-step procedure is undertaken to have the knee completely replaced with metallic components, some plastic spacers and button, to enhance the normal functionality of the knee joints. The first step of the knee replacement surgery entails the removal of the damaged knee components, where the damaged knee cartilage on the surface of both tibia and fibula are removed, together with some reasonable amount of the underlying bone (Scuderi & Tria, 2002). This marks the preparation of the knee, for a total replacement, since the already damaged components are removed and the knee is now ready to take a replacement. This step is followed by positioning the metal implants. Here, the components of the knee; the cartilage and the bone surface, are now replaced with some metal components that recreate the surface of the joint (Bellemans, Ries & Victor, 2005). During this replacement, the metal components, which have been prepared to suit the natural knee components, a re either cemented or pressed to fit into the remaining bone component. The next step that follows the positioning of the metal implants is the resurfacing of the patella (the knee cap), which requires the knee cup to be cut and then resurfaced with a plastic button, which will not collide with the metallic implants that have been implanted on the knee (Scuderi & Tria, 2002). However, as explained by the surgeon, depending on the case and extent of the knee damage, the knee cap might not be resurfaced. The final step of the Total knee replacement surgery is to place the spacers. This step entails putting some medical-grade plastic spacers between the metal components that have been implanted on the knee, to create a smooth gliding surface (Bellemans, Ries & Victor, 2005). My feeling during the procedure was that the patient may fail to function fully after the knee is replaced, because the operation was being undertaken for a 70 year old woman. I also felt that the Total knee replac ement surgery was not a very complex sort of operation, although it required a high degree of concentration and precision, lest the metal implantations done on the knee fails to fit accurately and thus lead to more knee problems. The lesson that I learnt from the Total knee replacement surgery procedure is that; it is a surgical procedure that is compatible with all ages. Additionally I learnt that the Total knee replacement surgery is not uniformly done to all people, and that some aspects of the procedure depends on the patient, their situation, and the extent to which their knee is damaged either through injury or arthritis. While the Total knee replacement surgery basically follows a four-step procedure, I realized that the final step of the surgical procedure, referred to as spacer insertion, is not a mandatory or universal step in the Total knee replacement surgery, since it can be omitted for some patients. Another invaluable lesson that I learn regarding the Total knee repla cement surgery is that; the medical history of the patient is fundamental in determining their qualification for the procedure. This is because, the medical history helps the surgeon to assess the strength of the patient