Maos domestic policies Essay Example for Free

monoamine oxidases interior(prenominal) policies EssayEssay Question To what extend do you consider Maos domestic policies more achieverful than his orthogonal policies?Between the years 1949 and 1976 chinaware was in a faze of changes, which varied in good and bad, the way roller coasters vary in ups and downs. Mao Zedong was the moderate during those years whom maven could make responsible for numerous successes and failures in China. His domestic and foreign policies were the causes of one thousand billions of deceases, economical highs and lows, unhappy peasants and many more factors which harmed and helped China to build up and backwards after feudalism had been removed from China. The flipper family intention, which was a duplicate of the plan that Russia used to overcome the countries misery, took gift between 1952 and 1956 and was a success for entire China. The carbon Flowers travail, which Mao started in 1957, is k straight offn to be one of his greatest failures and resulted in chaos, along with the collectivisation plan in the late mid-fifties and early 1960s and the Great Leap Forward Mao failed to help his country. As he supported the Korean War in the 1950s Chinas figure decreased my thousand of millions of Yuan. This foreign policy was a disaster for China and even though several domestic policies were introduced, none of them could re onlyy keep China and its masses in population contend.Due to the support China had provided Korea with many more people died. If Korean had non been supported by Chinas budget, then one could argue that non as many people would have been killed the Korean War. Maybe the number of deaths could have been reduced to half a million or so, one chiffonier just speculate, yet it is clear that this foreign policy did not do any good, alone much more harm. It did not only destroy human lives, it also harassed the Chinese budget and as a result made China very weak.PRC Expenditure in Percentages of Total BudgetAs is shown on the table in 1950 the percent of money which was taken away from the budget is 41,5 %. This is almost half of the entire Chinese budget. Most of this money supported the Korean War and helped Korean to defend itself. By 1957 this percentile had gone down, but all most every early(a) one went up. For an example 51,4 % of the Chinese budget was being used to support the economic development. This is a vast amount of money needed to support the economic development of a country. Even though this foreign policy supported Korean, it was and opposition for the donator, China.The Five course of instruction final cause can be viewed purely as a success. Mao was impressed with what Lenin had accomplished with it and obdurate to do the same. Mao and the PRC, People Republic of China, build up the same Five Year Plan as Russia and succeeded. The National Resources Committee, NRC, had already taken care of several industrial ideas, which Mao had, and they were al so the ones who had total control over the industrial investment sections. During the Five Year Plan a significant amount of migration took place. Families moved from the countryside into the large cities to find jobs at factories. unrivalled major factor that makes the Five Year Plan a success is of the inflation, from which China had been suffering for many years, which Mao achieved to decrease.It dropped from over 1,000 percent to nearly 15 percent and was a result of a cabbage of taxes and a change of the Chinese currency from the Chinese Dollar to the Yuan. Not only did the PRC want to focus on the production of steel, coal and petrol-chemicals, but also on transportations such as the Chinese automobile. An event, which is a perfect example to demonstrate the successes of the Five Year Plan would be the construction of a road and railway bridge, which crossed the Yangzi River, which can be seen as a contribution to the modernization of China. By 1952 the PRC had introduced th eir goals of what they wanted to achieve during the Five Year Plan.Their targets were to produce at least 555,000 bicycles by 1957, yet instead they produced more than 1,740,000. Also, they planned on manufacturing 4,000 trucks, but they achieved to produce more than 7,500. However magnificent this all sounds and how proud China must have been, if Russia had not helped China to industrialize, they would have never been able to compare themselves with the Soviet Union after their Five Year Plan had Worked so well. Meaning, China was not as successful as Russia had been, because China got the Soviet Unions support, whereas Russia made it on their own two feet. However, one should fuddle credit to Mao for the Five Year Plan, because this was one of his only successful domestic policies and it gave China a better economic position in the world.The Hundred Flowers Campaign, which was a domestic policy, introduced in 1956, was credibly Maos greatest Failure during has dictatorship. When Mao became the Chairman in 1949 he strict bountifuldom of speech policies, since he did not welcome any other political opinions other than those of communism. In 1956, Mao Zedong decided it was time to fall by the wayside people in China to speak their minds free from fear of persecution by the government. Mao wanted to encourage free speech and healthy arguments. This was introduced with the phrase let a hundred flowers bloom. With this he wanted allow the expression of diverse ideas. Mao colleagues to stop this policy, due to the fact that Stalin had lost power in Poland and Hungry through this policy. However, he pressured boldly forward.After many time thing got out of hand and Mao replaced it with the anti-rightist operation. Mao sent intellectuals, layers and even t separatelyer to the countryside, had them humiliated publicly, or let them be assassinated. The Hundred Flowers Campaign was a disaster. Thousands were killed because they had their own opinion and expressed it freely, just the way Mao had provoked. When Mao said It is only by using discussion, criticism and reasoning that we can actually foster correct ideas, overcome wrong ideas and really settle issues. and then killed the majority of those who obeyed his new policy, one must ask oneself, what he really intended with this.One could argue that Mao did not create the Hundred Flower Campaign to get feed-back and criticism so that he can remediate the countries situation, it is thought that Mao introduced the Campaign to find those who had something to say against him and his ideas in a quicker and more efficient way than before. In conclusion, Mao became more powerful, however, be betrayed his own country. This is how one can see where his domestic policies were much less(prenominal) successful than his foreign ones. With his foreign policy mention earlier, he provoked death due to a war, whereas in his domestic policies he provoked death due to his own ignorance and utter ruthlessness. Once one has made one mistake, it seems as though one has released a chain of reactions. At least this is the case for Mao, because his next mistake was not far from his last one. The Great Leap Forward, which took place in 1958-1962, was a hardship on the peasants. Even though China had modernized and industrialized at that place were still many problems to come. Although Mao stood upright for suitable treatment of all humans and even though Mao and his family were peasants, he set up a list of strict rules for the peasants to obey. This was a result of the following. Mao realized that not enough food was being produced and brought to the cities, because of the migration that took place in the Five Year Plan. Too much of the population was now working in the factories and the economic planner concluded that this was the fault of the peasants.Since the peasant families were increasing rapidly each month, too much grain was going to the individual families, and thus, Mao decided to put the peasants under strict central control and direction. During the great peasant revolution Mao had given the serfs freedom and the land that once belonged to the landowners now belonged to them. However, the collectivization Plan changed everything. Now the peasants were not working for themselves anymore, but for the government, to prevent another shortage of grain in the cities. Chinas agricultural land was split into 70,000 communes, each consisting of 750,000 brigades, each made up of 200 households.The setting of prices, distribution of products, farming methods and the sales were all controlled by the PRC. Since the targets of grain production of the government were so high, there was not much grain left for the people. Hunger and death was well known during that time, and millions had died of starvation. Alone in Tibet 20% of the population had starved to death. The main problem of this crisis was that naught told Mao about these happenings, because they were all afra id to undergo the same destiny as all the others who told him the bad news. However, one man did find the courage after all and open his heart to Mao.Mr. Peng Dehuai was the minister of defence, and decided to let Chairman know about the disasters that were going on. He was dismissed and sent to the countryside. By now nearly all of China was afraid to say anything against or even to him. The Collectivisation system pulled China down more than ever. In 1958 200 million tons of grain were being produced, but in 1962 less than 160 million tons were produced. A similar thing happened to the meat production. In 19584,3 million tons of meat were being manufactured and by 1968 only 1,9 tons were being produced. Maos plan had once again not worked. Almost thirty million people died in China from his domestic policies, however, his foreign policies did not cause such harsh consequences for anyone.One must look at the success of the domestic and foreign policies from three different perspect ives. One, the Chinese citizens perspective during Maos dictatorship, two, Maos own viewpoint, and three, the perception of the success of todays people. The Chinese people of that time lived the changes, the success and most of all the failures. equal in many situations, the negative things were paid more attention, due to the harsher memories, which are well in mind. The people suffered, lost family members and were tortured mentally and physically. Even though Mao became like a God for them after the Little Red Book was published in May 1964. It was a book of quotations from Mao and was there to give the Chinese citizens a better view of what he was doing. Mao was feared and therefore obeyed.From Maos point of view, things seemed to be going great because be barely sure feedback from his colleagues, because they were too afraid of him as well. The fear, which developed through out the years came from the punishment that people had to undergo. The rumours of what was happening d id not even have to go nigh the country the majority of the people saw the humiliations and various other punishments with their own eyeball. Anyhow, Mao was partially not informed about the millions of deaths that were occurring, therefore he was probably satisfied with his work, and believed that he was successful. Then, if one looks at the overall damaged he caused with his domestic and foreign policies one can see that his domestic policies were much less successful than his foreign policies. If Mao would still be alive today he would possibly realize his mistakes and would think similar to the perspective of today.Mao was a man with visions and ideas, which he thought to be most important. However, he did more harm then did he help people with his domestic and foreign policies. One can even consider his foreign policies more successful in some ways, because his support in the Korean War did not kill as many people as his domestic polices resulted in killing. Nevertheless, one mustnt generalize everything. One must also look from different perspectives such as Maos for an example.He was often left uninformed about what was really going on in the country therefore he was most likely felt successful. The peasants had a much different point of view due to the more authentic experiences they had to undergo. But by looking at the situation form the modern eyes of today, one can clearly see the successes and failures of Chairman Maos dictatorship. His domestic policies were less successful than his foreign policies due to the numbers of deaths. It seems as though Mao released a chain reaction of mistakes as he did his first one with the Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1957, and that there was no way of stopping it.

Kite Runner Themes Essay Example for Free

Kite Runner Themes EssayEthnic PrideBaba expresses a great deal of preen and attachment to the afghan culture so the move to America fills emir and himself with a loss of heritage and identity. The escape from the previous culture however every(prenominal)ows emeer to escape the incident of rape upon his best friend Hassan which has left a bad taste on his childhood. In America amir doesnt phone number a substance from his Middle Eastern culture, and asks Sorayas father, the general for permission to marry her even though he spurns it slightly by talking to her privately without consent. emir towards the end, becomes proud of his blended culture. Although he enjoys visiting Pakistan, eating the traditional food and hearing references to childhood legends, he to a fault likes the feeling of hope and freedom he gained from America.Social InequalityFrom childhood, emeer recognizes the difference in social standing between himself and best friend Hassan. As a Pashtun, Amir en joys privileges of being a higher class and his father being a successful art object whereas Hassan is poor and he and his father face prejudice from people every day. disdain this, Hassan and Ali are content with their lower class life and are good natured human beings. Hosseini is trying to convey that your social standing in society does non determine what kind of person you are and if you are better than someone else. You can only truly be better than someone else morally and having saint-like characteristics.During Amir and Hassan childhood, theyre differences of social class are conveyed by living standards, Hassan being illiterate and physical appearances. These are individually important but as a whole they all convey irony in the fact that it is Hassan who is content with life and Amir who is not. Later in the novel, Hazara prejudice which is taken to the extreme as they are massacred and abused by Taliban officials, such as Assef. When Sohrab returns with Amir to Ameri ca, Amir is quick to dispel any mention of class as he believes it is has influenced his and Sohrabs life too greatly and he perhaps finally sees them as his equals which he was afraid to do so as a child(never referring to Hassan as his friend). individualized ResponsibilityMany of the actions of the main character stem from personal responsibility. Baba takes on the responsibility of Ali from his father, who took him in when he was a child. He lets Ali and his son work for him, offers them supply and food making them feel part employees and part family. Air later realises this personal responsibility baba showed for Ali may stem from his guilt of betraying Ali and fathering Hassan. Amir feels responsible for all the bad occurrences which happened to Hassan and his father. He feels umpteen of the events which occurred later in the novel are down to him being too cowardly to prevent Hassan being raped.Though many suffer from the Talibans ruthlessness, he believes the events that h appened to Hassans family are his responsibility/fault. The feeling of responsibility is what drives Amir to return to Afghanistan, to rescue Sohrab. Rahim Khan plants this idea in Amirs head and suggests this is the way to achieve closure and absolution for the past. After he rescues Sohrab, Amir feels responsible for the boy in a different way and wants to protect him from anymore pain furthermore, he sees Sohrab as a way to fill the emptiness in the marriage from his and Sorayas infidelity.Identity and Self- disc everywhereyThroughout the novel the protagonist struggles to find his true purpose and find his identity through noble actions. Amirs failure to be trusty to his friend at such a crucial moment defines this conflict. His endeavour to overcome his own weaknesses appear in confronting Assef, returning to a war torn country loaded by the Taliban and even his carsickness whilst during with Farid.The revelation of baba later in chapter 17, allows Amir to discover who his fa ther really was and how alike they were in terms of betraying people who loved and were loyal to the end to them. The return to Afghanistan allows Amir to find out the type of man he can become and to confront his past which he has so desperately tried to bottle up.Family, Fathers and FatherhoodFamily relationships play a great part in this novel but m early(a)s are strikingly absent. Amir and Hassan grow up without their mothers and this is exemplified through the tension of Babas treatment of his sons. He makes it clear he is disappointed Amir is bookish, cowardly to protect his social standing and stick up for Hassan whilst on the other hand, he never publically acknowledges Hassan as his own son- although he shows a great deal of affection to Hassan.Likewise, General Taheri is a similar traditional, highly critical father who chafes his daughter for rebellious behaviour. The approximation of family is then reintroduced when Amir and Soraya are unsuccessful in starting their o wn- punishment perhaps for their pasts or that Amir has yet to face up to his. The adoption of the troubled Sohrab however, provides them with the attempt to begin a make out family based on love and honesty.Journey and takeThe novel is to the highest degreely based around Amirs departure from Afghanistan as a young teenager and his return as a middle aged man to the war-torn country. At the said(prenominal) time, it is a symbolic quest. Amir makes great sacrifices to pursue his quest to atone for past sins by rescuing his nephew Sohrab in the hands of the Taliban. Symbolised at the beginning of the novel with Amir cutting his fingers with the increase string in order to sacrifice himself for his fathers love, sacrifice plays a big theme also.Amir towards the end of the novel again, willingly cuts his fingers, to revive his spiritually wounded nephew who is suffering from depression. By the end of the novel, this significant symbol of sacrifice shows how much Amir has morally d eveloped as he is willing to sacrifice much in order to save Sohrab from a similar fate and to protect him. The most part of the novel is Amir hiding from his past and by returning to Kabul he is taking that all important journey to have complete redemption.Political author and AbuseThe events of the novel occur against the backdrop of political change, the rise of the Taliban government. Assef, Hassans rapist and bully, who becomes a high ranking Taliban officer, embodies the consequence of abuse of power and violence and oppression caused by the Taliban. Assef is a sociopath who thrives in the atmosphere of chaos. Interpersonal violence leads to the split of Hassan and Amir on a national denture the abuse of power by communist backed soviets results in massacres and Afghanistan forces to go into exile.The abuse of power and abuse is an important reference to how the hazaras have been treated. From discomposure at the beginning of the novel for their looks to being massacred and horrifically abused. When General Taheri demands an explanation for their adoption of Sohrab, he echoes the discrimination against this entire ethnic minority and in a sense, Baba also condones the attitude towards Hazaras by not admitting that he fathered a Hazara son.KitesAfter Hassan gets raped while speed his kite, Amir cannot separate kite fighting and running from his own betrayal and cowardice. Therefore, even after all of his injuries and trials on Sohrabs behalf, it is the act of kite running that finally makes him feel redeemed. Beyond their significance to the plot, kites have ten-fold layers of symbolism in the story. One of these layers involves the class difference between Amir and Hassan, which largely dictates and limits their relationship. In kite fighting, one boy controls the kite while the other assists by feeding the string. Just as Hassan makes Amirs breakfast, folds his clothes, and cleans his room, so does he cater to Amir in kite tournaments.Even though H assan shares in the excitement of kite fighting, he does not actually have control over the kite. Hassan may help the kite lift-and-dive, but Amir is the one who claims a victory. Hassan may have a cherished rival kite and hold it in his arms, but always to bring it back to Amir, to whom it then belongs. His joy is vicarious, just like his have of wealth and privilege while living in Babas household. In order to free himself of selfishness and cowardice, Amir must go from being merely a kite fighter-someone who seeks glory-to a kite runner, someone who genuinely does things for others.The occupation of kite fighting is violent by nature. The kites battle and so too do the children flying them. The string, which is cover in ground glass, carves deep gashes into the fliers hands as they try to cut each other down, and once kites fall out of the sky, the kite runners retrieve them with the same furious determination as, say, a hunting dog does a slain bird. In its violence, kite fig hting represents the conflicts that rage Afghanistan nearly throughout the course of the novel. When Hosseini paints us a picture of hundreds of kites trying haphazardly and with great determination to cut each other down, he shows us also the warring factions of Afghanistan overthrowing one another.At the same time kite fighting is violent, the mere act of kite flying is innocent and speaks of freedom. Amir and Hassan do not have control over the differences between them in fact, they are both the victims of a lie, and their relationship would have been different had they known they were brothers. Yet despite their differences and the symbolism of their respective kite-fighting roles, flying kites is an activity that brings the boys together. For a moment, they are part of a team.For many years, Amir feels as though he and Hassan are adversaries for Babas love. After the rape, Hassans very existence infuriates Amir because it reminds him of his cowardice. patronage all this, when t he boys fly kites together, they are on the same team. They are more like brothers then than perhaps any other time, because the activity is somewhat mutual. It allows them to momently escape their differences and enjoy a shared sense of exhilaration and freedom.

Sri Lanka: Agriculture, Technology and Culture

Sri Lanka Agriculture, Technology and CultureTRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGYSri Lanka has had an innovative agricultural technology. Sri Lanka has had a rich agricultural technology. Because we heap found new modes and new instrument for agricultural works now a sidereal days. farmers lot save time and they can doing their work instantly by using these method and instrument, however I think thither Is complex agricultural system in Sri Lanka now a days because so meny soupy things are used for agriculture works. As example machines, chemichals ect. But modern agricultural methods are having adverse effect on envioronment and cropsAgri line of credit is the almost domineering segment of the Sri Lankan economy. Despite the fact that its commitment to the total national output declined considerably amid the previous 3 decades (from 30 percent in 1970 to 21 percent in 2000), it is the most vital wellspring of work for most of the Sri Lankan workforce. Around 38 percent of t he aggregate work compel was occupied with horticulture in 1999. In the subsistence part, sift is the principle harvest and cultivating sift is the most essendial m whiztary action for most of the general population living in rustic ranges. Amid the most recent 5 decades the rice part real quickly and chip in dramatic all(prenominal)y multiplied, coming to the most elevated at any point yield of 2.9 million metric tons in 1999Increments in the region chthonic knowledge, and enhanced efficiency because of the modernization of farming are the important explanations behind an amplification underway. The restoration of Sri Lankas broad antiquated pee system arrange and gigantic new interest in increase and support of pissing system modelling prompted to a substantial increment in the zone under rice development. Between 1960-2000, the range used to develop rice expanded 6 extension to 546,249 hectares. The modernization of cultivating techniques, for example, the utilizati on of uplifted-yielding seeds, tractors, and synthetic manures additionally prompted to expanded profitability in the rice division. Between 1960-1999, rice yield per hectare multiplied from 1,877 kilograms to 3,672 kilograms. Notwithstanding rice, several(predicate) another(prenominal) nourishment yields are created for neighborhood utilization. They incorporate yams, beats, grains, vege display boards, and natural products. A large portion of these products are developed in family gardens, aside from potatoes and sugar. Sugar stick is developed in the dry zone, and Sri Lanka delivers just 15 percent of what it devours locally. The significant manor harvests of tea, elastic, and coconuts keep on figuring unmistakably in the economy of Sri Lanka notwithstanding, the commitment of these business yields to GDP declined from 11.5 percent in 1970 to 5 percent in 2000. Tea, the unmistakable product of the manor division, develops in many parts of the wet zone, and specifically in the focal slope nation. Sri Lanka is renowned for its top notch dark tea, and is the biggest provider on the planet. In 1999, 269.3 million kilograms of tea (95 percent of aggregate tea generation) was sent out, procuring US$621 million in outside trade. The United Kingdom, Russia, and the Middle East are the real fare marketsThe second significant business product is elastic, evolution in the edge and valley nation of the wet zone inside. Of 159,000 hectares under development, more or less 80 percent was being tapped (gathered) and in 1999, 96.6 million kilograms of elastic were delivered. A sizable extent of elastic creation is utilized as a part of the residential assembling segment (56 percent in 1999) and the rest of traded. In 1999 fare income added up to US$33 million. China is generally the significant purchaser of Sri Lankan elastic. The execution of this part has been liable to precariousness because of ominous developments in valet de chambre costs. Rivalry from manufactu red elastic makers has created elastic costs to drop. Be that as it may, with rising petroleum costs (the real element for engineered elastic) there is a contingency at world elastic costs to move forward. superannuated Sri Lanka was an independent, flourishing horticultural economy the staple nourishment, rice, was developed in broad paddy field field, piece of music vegetables, jet planes, grains and oats were developed in rain-encouraged grounds called Chenas.Chena is viewed as the most seasoned type of development in Sri Lanka, stretching out as far back as 5000 years in Sri Lankan history. Chena development was a customary practice and old Sri Lankans guaranteed that the earth was unharmed simultaneously. The methods used to develop a chena relied on upon a mount of factors including the atmosphere, way of soil and other ecological and topological elements of the territory. Chena development was fundamentally polished by men be that as it may, ladies and youngsters additi onally broadened their guide in different courses, for example, shielding crops from striking winged animals and creatures.Old, conventional ceylon agriculturists emphatically trusted in numerous religious and profound custom and practices. For example, agriculturists trusted that the individual who starts development of a Chena ought to be drained of contaminations, called Kili in the Sinhala dialect. It was additionally standard of Chena cultivators to petition their religious confidence before they start development. A solid proclivity to foretelling likewise guaranteed that development initiated on a promising day and timeChena was developed all in all every town had one chena darn which was partitioned into individual shares among the villagers. The insight behind this joint effort was a result of craving to secure the encompassing timberland. On the off chance that every villager was permitted to take a leak their own plot of land for development, the timberland would soon v anish. In this way the town would by and large select one range of land for development and share the yield.Navadali Hena is chena fix made by clearing an untouched timberland territory, setting it ablaze and developing it instantly after. Navadali truly means new ash, which can be discovered plentifully all through the Navadali Hena. As the region has not been worked beforehand, a Navadali Hena is exceedingly fruitful and acquires a high return of yield. Be that as it may, ranchers avoid developing an excessive number of this shape of chena as it requires clearing new woods arrive therefore prompting to lessening in timberland cover.The woods starts to re-develop in the deserted Navadali Hena arrive following a pair of months. At the point when the trees extradite achieved the normal length of a grown-up population arm, the semi-wild is cleared and set ablaze for development. This sort of chena land is called Ath Danduwa Hena, Ath Dandu signifying a safe distance.A woodland wh ich comprises of medium-sized trees is known as a Mukalana. Hence Mukalana Hena is a kind of chena developed by clearing the medium and little measured trees of a Mukalana woods.Once a land becomes infertile as a result of tell tilling, it is abandoned by the farmers. This abandoned chena is still tilled by feeble, sick or old farmers who cannot extend their support to the collaborative chena cultivation as it is a strenuous activity. Hen Kanaththa does not produce an abundant crop, but it is sufficient for the survival of these farmers.Generally, antiquated chena cultivators cooperatively chose the kind of chena to be developed, regardless of whether it ought to be Navadali Hena, Mukalan Hena, or Ath Danduwa Hena. Once a choice is made, they would choose a proper land range rough zones were regularly kept away from and zones with a spring were favored.Vee Bissa is one of the more prominent creations of antiquated agriculturists. It was utilized to store paddy for both utilization and for development. Contingent upon the sort and nature of paddy, diverse sorts of Vee Bissas were set up, for example, the Ma Vee Bissa, Vadimal Vee Bissa and Bala Vee Bissa. Among transposition sorts of paddy stockpiles, Piduru Bissa, Waruva, Veniya and Pesa were well known with the old and conventional agriculturists.The Vee Bissa was held with high see in antiquated society as it was an unmistakable sign of a mans wealth and impact. The quantity of Vee Bissas claimed by a man was thought about in engagement propositions too.Numerous customs are taken after when setting up a Vee Bissa. It was set up at the passageway of the house far from the terrace and toilets, chief(prenominal)taining a strategic distance from spots with high moistness or consistent weewee leakage. A sufficiently bright and dry place is the perfect area for setting up a Vee Bissa.The materials expected to set up a Vee Bissa were gathered from their environment and the prompt wilderness. Each progression du ring the time spent setting up a Vee Bissa guaranteed the protection of the nature of paddy seeds.The Vee Bissa is bolstered by four sections made of stone or wood. The base is lifted a couple meters over the ground to evade any contact with soil and water that may influence the paddy. The body of the Vee Bissa is produced using an exceptional sort of earth got from ant colony dwelling places. Once these layers of dirt become scarce, dairy animals excreting is then covered along within the Vee Bissa to keep creepy crawlies from nourishing on the paddy. Red ant colony dwelling place earth was unremarkably utilized because of its sticky nature and high porosity. This dirt goes away quicker when contrasted and other mud sorts and does not bring about breaks. The dry earth does not assimilate water promptly. The put away paddy gets ventilating system through the minor pores show in the dirt and the oval shape encourages uniform breathing all through the Vee Bissa. The Vee Bissa is s ecured with a Piyassa which shields the seeds by care water from going into it while likewise giving shade to the Vee Bissa. This keeps the paddy from being influenced by growths.A layer of Margosa forgets would be spread over the top layer of paddy once the Vee Bissa is topped off to shield it from unsafe creepy crawlies.Beside lay away paddy for utilization, agriculturists likewise put away them for development purposes. The germination force of paddy seeds are all around ensured in a Vee Bissa.At present, agriculturists are confronted with numerous issues concerning the dexterity of paddy. These issues were never experienced by antiquated and customary ranchers as the Vee Bissa permitted them to store paddy for expanded periods without it getting spoilt.There is no hardware or innovation today that can coordinate to the Vee Bissa as far as having the capacity to save the germination force of paddy. Todays ranchers utilize capacity compartments made of concrete while putting a way paddy, be that as it may it is far fetched on the off chance that they are equipped for ensuring the germination control as proficiently as a Vee Bissa.A Nagula is utilized to furrow the land before paddy is developed. Furrowing relaxes the dirt encouraging great ventilation and water supply to the dirt, while additionally devastating weeds and boosting microbial action.Old and conventional ranchers of Sri Lanka utilized distinctive sorts of Nagulas -, for example, the Sinhala Nagula, Yakada (Iron) Nagula, and Kakulan Nagula in light of the development of the land and example of development. Sri Lankan ranchers normally utilized Sinhala Nagula for furrowing.The handle of a Nagula is identify Nimun Kurulla or the Nagul Atha. The handle is settled to a grasp called Nimun Mita. The Vakkote is the piece of a Nagula that hollows the ground out. The Nagula is dragged along the ground by its stem, Pathakadaya which is attached to a wooden bar or burden (Viyagaha) by a harmony called a n Amuthu Bana. The Viyagaha is put on the neck of bulls. The Amuthu Bana is usually made of deer or sambar deer skin, or from crude skin of a coconut shaft or skins of trees, for example, Lihiniya or Nava. An edge is made in the Viyagaha to grasp the Nagula. A stick called Kewita is utilized to drive the operative bovines (bull, cow, wild oxen) while furrowing.Once the field is furrowed, the bovines are discharge from the Nagula quickly, and showered in the Boradiya Mankada of the Vewa (water system tank), and nourished diverse areas of a water system tank is utilized for various purposes, the Boradiya Mankada of a tank is utilized to bathe working creatures. Sri Lankan ranchers of old had extraordinary regard for the instruments and creatures they utilized as a part of their cultivating exercises. In this manner, once their working creatures are dealt with, they would wash and clean the Nagula also, and hang it on their Vee Bissa (a capacity structure used to store paddy). A Nag ula is never continued the ground and a sloppy Nagula is never utilized for furrowing the next day.A Kumbura or Ketha is the arrive on which agriculturists develop paddy. Rice is the staple nourishment of Sri Lanka and in that capacity, paddy development is given most extreme significance in the factory farm business. Antiquated and customary ranchers were independent in rice creation and old Ceylon is said to have been among the principal paddy exporters on the planet. Paddy generation in the nation prospered amid the rule of Sri Lankan lords, who cultivated and sustained creation in different ways including, most remarkably, the supply of water through the development of extensive measure water system tanks Ceylon was famously known as The Great Barn of the East amid the rule of King Parakramabahu who is eminent for his pressure driven development and design in help of agribusiness.Kurulupaluwa is one of numerous philanthropic techniques rehearsed by antiquated agriculturists. A great part of the farming practices of old worked concordantly with nature, instigating almost no (these were reversible) to no harm to the earth and untamed life.There are two sorts of Kumburu Godakumburu and Madakumburu.Godakumburu are developed without a changeless water supply, rather paddy is developed here with the guide of rain water. These sorts of Kumburu were not well known among ranchers, because of the unconventionality of precipitation. Madakumburu were significantly more famous as these had a perpetual water supply by method for a water system tank or stream.See Sama is the way toward frightening and get ready land before paddy development, which is done utilizing a Nagula (furrow) and bulls. See Sama was performed ceremoniously amid the reign of rulers in a celebration called Vapmagula. Numerous religious ceremonies were likewise seen by conventional and antiquated agriculturists before nerve rack initiated.When frightening is finished, paddy seeds are sown or sa plings are planted in the ground.No chemicals or poisons were utilized to improve the dirt of paddy fields. Antiquated and conventional agriculturists utilized compost, fallen leaves and rotted roughage to treat their property. These natural composts enhanced microbial movement in soil. The yield from this technique for treatment was high and missing of unsafe poisons.Poru Gama is the way toward leveling the paddy field with the utilization of bulls and an apparatus known as the Poruva. Poru Gama is by and large done fourteen days subsequent to nerve racking and treating paddy fields. This procedure guarantees that there is uniform water spill out of one Liyadda to another.Bovines (bulls, bullock, cows) who help the rancher in the many phases of paddy development are a significant resource for him. Along these lines, agriculturists treat their working creatures with most extreme love and care. They are never incited damage by the Kewita (a stick used to drive and direct the bovines) amid See Sama, Poru Gama and so on. The creatures are never over-worded and are given a lot of nourishment, water and rest in an opportune way. Toward the finish of a working day, the bovines would be washed and cleaned and given scavenge. The creatures are never utilized the whole day (they are just worked around 5 to 6 hours a day) and are never worked under a brutal sun (this was particularly amid the day and at twelve).A wooden postulate called the Danduvata, made by stacking and tying fallen and trimmed tree stems and branches, is set up around the whole Kumburuyaya to keep wild creatures from assaulting crop. Moreover, a scarecrow (Pambaya) is elevated and a Takeya (a harsh chime sort protest) is hung to drive off flying creatures and small creatures. Agriculturists would keep watch over their Kumbura for the duration of the day and night in unpleasant cut watch hovels called Pela to pursue away assaulting creatures.Sri Lanka has encountered many changes in the course of th e most recent century which has significantly affected customary rice cultivating in the nation. An adjustment in the atmosphere can be viewed as the island has confronted a diminishment of precipitation and an expansion in air temperature in specific ranges of the nation. Moreover, arrive utilized for vegetation has been put to different uses bringing about lost 50 for every penny of timberland cover. The populace has additionally expanded by 15 million in a land region of 6.54 million hectares throughout the most recent 60 years. Event of cataclysmic events, for example, dry spells, surges, boisterous winds, avalanches, pestilences, and so on., has made life troublesome for individuals to run about with their exercises. Conventional reasonable horticulture moving towards present day innovation escalated mode is somewhat to be reprimanded for these catastrophic events.Customary agriculturists who assembled involvement and abilities over hundreds of years, figured out how to suppor t yields under unfavorable cultivating conditions utilizing locally accessible assets. A review led by the creator with the support of Future in Our Hands, during2007 2010 in the Moneragala region, explored how customary rice cultivating and the related environment confronted the test of dry spell and developing issues of present day cultivating by following adapting methodologies from the past.Customary framework honed by ranchers incorporates i) development of conventional rice assortments ii) utilization of natural composts (straw, green excrement, cow waste, poultry fertilizer, fluid manure and so on.) iii) administration of filters out hand weeding, mechanical weeding, and water administration iv) administration of bug and maladies by rehearsing Kem krama (ceremonies), keeping up bio-differing qualities, and utilizing bio-pesticides and v) administration of accessible water without prompting to dampness push.A review was completed in 16 towns, where a few agriculturists honed customary cultivating and some others embrace present day cultivating. The fundamental contrasts found in present day cultivating contrasted with conventional cultivating were that the agriculturists utilized i) new enhanced rice assortments ii) Inorganic composts (urea, muriate of potash and triple super phosphate) iii) Weedicides iv) Pesticides and v) pre-booked water system. These two cultivating frameworks were surveyed by utilizing different markers, for example, profitability of land, work, capital, and seed, input cost and net return per unit weight of grains.Comes about demonstrated that the customary rice cultivating when embraced for a couple seasons could endure dry season conditions, diminish soil saltiness, and enhance soil P, K and natural matter and some physical properties. In addition, cost of generation diminished while work and capital profitability expanded. The framework enhanced its ability to control bugs with no extra measure. Discoveries are abridged in the table beneath.In lavish tropical Sri Lanka, paddy development took profound root, changing into the backbone of the islanders and setting the pace for a national culture decorated with work out ceremonies revolved around the readiness of the fields and the collecting of the grain.Sri Lankas unbelievable gathers once brought it notoriety as the Granary of the East. Chronicled records disclose to us that paddy was developed in Anuradhapura in 161 BC and thrived there until 1017 AD. Today, it is developed over the Island. As society developed, exercises and individuals near the heart of paddy development rose to unmistakable quality. By keeping the Island nourished, the goviyas or paddy ranchers rose the progressive system of the Sinhalese cast framework, raised by illustrious support in light of the fact that, all things considered, they satisfied the general populations craving as were meriting regard.Paddy development was a mutual joint effort including both the land-owning ranchers and the sharecroppers or ande goviyas, who worked exclusively and by and large, from the seeding tothe reaping, under the direction of shrewd and climate beaten seniors. The development cycle was a high purpose of their social life. Everybody contributed. History specialist, Dr Ananda Coomaraswamy writes in Medieval Sinhalese Art, droll Chiefs were not afraid to grasp the furrow. The larger part of town society were carried into close touch with the dirt and with each other by cooperating in the fields even the experts used to drop their apparatuses to do a share of the field work when need was, as at sowing or reap time noble mediation was sort to secure favors for an abundant collect, and assurance from the components and from infection. At initially, it was the divine forces of the people religions of the land that the ranchers swung to. After the landing of Buddhism in Sri Lanka in 250 BCE, Buddhist customs took unmistakable quality and these society practices were consolidate d under its umbrella. The customs varied from place to put. In the low nation, for instance, a function was held to secure the support of the Gara Yakka, a evil presence accepted to bring about inconvenience in the event that he is not sought.In Anuradhapura, a function was held to thank the Aiyanayaka deiyo, a diety related with the supply, denoting the vital association between the agrarian individuals and their water. Old Sri Lanka had a great water powered biological community. Progressive rulers fabricated expound water frameworks to flood the land, gather water, and nourish the paddy fields, specking the scene with man made repositories. The cadence of the Islands paddy development cycles blended with the storm rains the upper east rainstorm watered the Maha or significant yield cycle, which begins with seeding in October-November for havesting in February and March and the southwest rainstorm watered the Yala or minor product cycle planted over April and whitethorn for reapi ng in August-September. 70% of the Islands rice gather originates from the previous, and the rest from the last mentioned.The ranchers honed two fundamental types of development dry seed and wet-bed, the last being the more common. bingle strategy for dry seed development is known as kekulama, when the land to be developed was guaranteed from the backwoods, and alternate as vee hena if the land was under the moving or hena development technique, where the initial step is the earth being furrowed, go forth to settle for a couple days, and after that seeded with dry sprouted seeds. Just trustworthy areas of land were dry seeded, and whatever is left of the land was set up for wetland development, to be done when the tanks were overflowing with water.Couple of occasions in Sri Lanka are try without counseling a celestial prophet who decides the favorable time for an effective result. Along these lines critical exercises like furrowing, seeding, sifting and reaping were started at pr opitious circumstances. One of the main demonstrations was for the ranchers to clear, clean and secure the conduits, pathways and regions. That finished, the gifts of the divine beings were secured with a pledge or guarantee, fixed by tying up a coin in a cow dung of new white fabric and joining it to the branch of a holy nuga tree close to the water source. The conduit entryway was opened, discharging water into the fields, the minute reported with the luminosity of fireworks.At that point started the working and furrowing of the earth. Before, wild oxen were utilized to furrow the land, though today, tractors have set a considerable lot of these creatures out into the wild. The seedlings are then planted, with the primary seedling formally situated in the focal point of the field by the senior agriculturist. Areas of land at two closures of the field were left unsown ridiculous and creepy crawlies to appreciate.Watch cottages or pela are set up high over the ground to keep watc h over the green abundance. The watchers had a clear perspective of the whole field. Flames are made to keep damaging creatures away. To remain wakeful, the watchers would sing pel kavi, melodies of the watch hovel. Gradually, the fields would turn a brilliant cocoa. Reap time was a period of cheering, to be commended in melody. The men cut the paddies and the ladies assembled them into bundles, which they conveyed upon their heads to the kamatha or sifting floor. In Folk Songs of Lanka, Carlton Samarajiwa states, the kamatha is a holy place in Sinhala society culture it symbolizes the peak of an entire rural season furrowing the fields, sowing the seed, weeding and transplanting, and procuring the collect. The kamatha and the customs related with the action of sifting the paddy have over the eras gained their very own sacredness. Normally, there are kamath kavi, or sifting melodies, to be joyously sungBudun vandina velaavayiKiri uthurana velaavayiKola madavana velaavayiKamatha pir ena velaavayiThe principal cuttings of rice are a festival. A stately pot of drain is set on a wood fire and permitted to bubble over, in a custom called kiri itirima that symbolizes plenitude. Drain rice is cooked with the grains of the main reap and offered to the Buddha and to the gods, and the rest of shared among those present. Bits of the primary rice are offered to the Buddha and taken in parade to the sanctuaries. It is a valuable minute that joins the land, and its abundance with the busy work of its kin and their divine beings.

Ultimate leadership styles that the managerial grid deems to be ideal

Ultimate drawship styles that the managerial grid deems to be idealThis is the ultimate attractions styles that the managerial grid deems to be ideal. This leader encourages team pass away while focuses on result and output simultaneously without compromising either. The leader is dominant enough to make the fol paltryers feel that they argon constructive part of the company and so make the most out of their capabilities. Research has helped us identify this leaders styles as Charismatic leadership or transformational leadership. Charismatic leadership is defined as a social influence process that involves the formulation and articulation of an evocative vision, provides inspiration to motivate collective action, demonstrates sensitivity to environmental trends, and presentments wrong and personal risk-taking behavior. These behaviors result in leaders being role models for chase who become committed to the leader and the vision, experience task meaningfulness, and make sacrifi ces for the collective campaign (Conger Kanungo, 1998 Shamir et al., 1993). Shamir, House, Arthurs (1993) self-concept based theory presents two core dimensions of charismatic leadership. These dimensions are inspirational motivation and idealized influence. Inspirational motivation involves communicating high-pitched performance expectations by means of the projection of a powerful, confident and dynamic presence. Such behaviors evoke powerful emotional responses from followers that energize them to exert extra effort.( Sosik Dinger, 2007) Idealized influence involves the display and attribution of role modeling for followers by dint of exemplary personal achievements, character strengths and/or behavior. (Sosik Dinger, 2007) According to Bass Avolio, (1997) both these core behaviors help make water a strong emotional bond surrounded by the follower and the leader. Inspirational motivation and idealized influence are also considered as charismatic components of transform ational leadership. . (Sosik Dinger, 2007) foregoing seek suggests that transformational leadership contributes to the success of an organization by motivating employees to go beyond self interest and be passionate to achieve given targets and terminuss. Ross senile (2006) chose transformational leadership when researching on instructor leadership and scholarly person achievement because according to them, it is compatible with broadly based trends of teacher empowerment, multiple stakeholder participation in prepare decisions, and reduced support for top down change theories. In addition, substantial evidence exists that transformational leadership is a stronger predictor of teacher beliefs and practices than transactional leadership (e.g., Koh, Steers, Terborg, 1995). Transformational leadership is say to contribute to collective teacher efficacy (Bandura,(1986). Collective teacher efficacy regards to the perceptions of the teachers in a enlighten that the collective e fforts of the teachers will positively contribute to student achievement. (Goddard, Hoy, Hoy, 2000)Produce, Dictatorial or Perish StyleThis is a very task oriented leader who has high concern for the fulfillment of goals and responsibilities and minimum or low concern for the welfare, comfort or interaction of the employees. His solution to a non productive worker is simply to punish him or replace him. This leader has a unconditional style and his focus is on planning, coordinating work, scheduling and providing the necessary resources for task accomplishment (e.g., Likert,1967). People who go to act on extremes of this leadership style incline to become petty tyrants or abusive leadersHornstein (1996) describes an abusive leader as one whose primary objective is the control of others, and such control is achieved through methods that create fear and intimidation (Hornstein, 1996). Ashforth (1994) describes a petty tyrant as someone who uses their power and authority oppressivel y, capriciously, and perhaps vindictivelyTyrannical leadership go in the domain of this leadership style. This leadership style hampers motivation, job contentment or welfare of the followers. Tyrannical leaders whitethorn behave in accord with the goals, tasks, missions and strategies of the organization, but they typi predicty obtain results not through, but at the cost of subordinates (Ashforth, 1994 Tepper, 2000). While dictatorial leaders are least concerned about their followers and keep minimum interaction with them, tyrannical leaders act aggressively towards their subordinates and believe that doing so will increase work effort. Most of the literature on tyrannical leadership considers it harmful for organizations especially in the long run. (Bies Tripp, 1998 Tepper, 2000 Lombardo McCall, 1984) Nevertheless Brodsky (1976), argues that tyrannical leaders, despite of harassing followers, may perform well on other work related duties. They may also have strong technical ski lls that somewhere down the line are contributing to the overall success of the organization. Ma et al. (2004) call this, the paradox of managerial tyranny, arguing that tyrannical leadership may lead to extraordinary performance, even when subordinates suffer. So we post argue that the behavior of this leader can be evaluated differently by upper management as compared to the subordinates. Another style that can be discussed here is the instructional leadership style. Research on teacher leadership argues that supervisory leadership is a characteristic of instructional leadership (Hulpia Devos, 2010). Previously it has been discussed that the instructional leader plays a key role in controlling, monitoring and directing in schools (Bamburg Andrews, 1990 Hallinger Murphy, 1985). However, it empirical research shows that autocratic leaders reduce the stability, satisfaction and feelings of motivation within a group of followers. (Van Vugt, Jepson, Hart, De Cremer, 2004). As discu ssed higher up, these leaders fall low on the axis of the grid that presents concern for people. So their priority for satisfaction, motivation and comfort of the followers is minimum reducing effectiveness in performance. (Judge et al., 2004). In a study where followers motivation and satisfaction were two dependent variables checked against autocratic leadership, it was found that people do not estimation autocratic leaders(Cremer, 2006). According to the study this was so because autocratic leaders donot give sufficient attention to followers and so fail to motivate them to participate, exhibit loyalty, or contribute positively towards the group.The Impoverished or the Indifferent Style.Leaders who fall in this category have low concerns for both people and production. They either demand a very lazy approach or simply try to avoid getting into any trouble. The main concern of this leader is not to be held responsible for any mistakes and in that course he/she tends to be unpro ductive, disorganized and they leave out effective leadership qualities.Up to date, there has been little effort to research or study this leadership style, instead literature on leadership is concentrated of effective and ideal leadership styles. (Kelloway, Mullen, Francis, 2006). Although destructive leadership is not a synonym for the impoverished leader but it can fall within the domain of this leadership style. Destructive leadership behavioris defined as the opinionated and repeated behavior by a leader, supervisor or manager that violates the original interest of the organization by undermining and/or sabotaging the organizations goals, tasks, resources, and effectiveness and/or the motivation, social welfare or job satisfaction of his/her subordinates. (Einarsen, Aasland, Skogstad, 2007) According to this definition the leader does not deliberately harm the subordinates or doesnt intend to do so rather he is thoughtless, incompetent as well as ignorant.( Einarsen, et al . 2007). According to the presented definition a leader will be practicing a destructive style if he is violating the legitimate laws of an organization. Any behavior that opposes a legitimate decision, goal or strategy ofthe firm, is to be regarded as destructive from the moment these decisions, goals or strategies are enforced. . ( Einarsen, et al. 2007) For example, if a school decides to give extra attention to weaker students and instructs all teachers to do so, and some teachers fail to abide by this decision, this behavior can be characterized as destructive teacher leadership.Country Club StyleThese leaders are extra cautious about the welfare and comfort of the followers. They take care of their followers at the disbursal of the welfare of the organization often by interacting with them on a personal level, or by giving them favors and rewards that are not part of the organizations judgment. The main goal of task or goal attainment is undermined while violating the legitim ate interest of the organization. (Einarsen, et al. 2007) these leaders may be giving much benefits to the subordinates than they are obliged to and this is make at the cost of the company. They may be stealing resources in form of time or finance from the work place. (Altheide et al., 1978 Ditton, 1977). They are of the opinion that if the employees are happy, they tend to be more motivated to work hard and achieve organizational efficiency.The research work of Einarsen, et all.2007, shows that a category of leaders called supportive disloyal leaders is very similar to Blake and Moutons country club style. It is argued in their article that both the styles show overriding concern to establish good relations with the subordinate. These leaders lack strategic competence and so support values and beliefs that are not consistent with those focused by the organization. Irrespective of that, they may be able to asseverate a good relationship with the followers. Such leaders easily gai n popularity amongst their followers and are often considered them by as good leaders. It is also argued in previous studies that the intention of supportive disloyal leaders is not to harm the organization they just believe acting in the particular way discussed above will bring benefit to it. (Mars, 1994)Another concept that falls in the same domain is that of Laissez faire leadership. This leader avoids getting into trouble, make any decision or try solving a problem. (Bass Avolio, 1997),Middle of the road or the status-quo styleThis leadership style lies in the middle of Blake Moutons grid. His focus is equally divided between concern for production and concern for people. It is argued that he tries to keep a balance between the two.(Bartol, Tein, Mathews, 1994. p405)These leaders are regarded to be average or mediocre leaders. They are not pioneers nor are failures. Also, this approach puts considerable emphasis on the leader, his characteristics and attributes. However, not much attention is paid on the attributes of the subordinates, or the circumstances within which the leader and followers are interacting.( Hitt, Black, Porter, 2006. P 418)The above discussion was aimed to present multiple leadership styles considered effective or otherwise so previous research may be highlighted. I find it important to point out here that there is no ideal leadership style, rather the effectiveness of a leadership style is dependent upon the choice of leadership style adopted in a particular situation. According to the contingent approach to leadership, leader effectiveness doesnt except depend on a leader but also on situational characteristics. So a leader will only be effective if he adopts his leadership style according to the situation.(liu, et all, 2003) The contingency approaches to leadership dominated by the path goal theory House, 1971 all argue that situational characteristics influence the effectiveness of a leader. Also, it is argued culture is an imp ortant situational factor that influences leadership style. (Hofstede, 2001)According to Hofstede (2001) leaders in collectivistic cultures aspire more for traditional values and they follow standard methods, and do not support followers initiative. People treat their leaders with respect and are obedient towards them in many collectivistic cultures, where paternalistic leadership is traditionally seen (Dickson, et al., 2003 Dorfman et al., 1997).The directive and supportive leadership styles collectively make up this paternalistic style. So in this leadership style close supervision of employees is combined with high concern for the well being of the follower. Paternalistic Leadership is widespread in non-western cultures (Dickson et al., 2003). Directive leadership in general, is a less common practice and is not much of a consideration when an appropriate leader behavior is considered in individualistic (Western) countries, as it is in the case of collectivist societies (Hofstede , 2001 Dickson et al., 2003). Similarly, supportive leadership is more common in collectivistic cultures as compared to individualistic cultures. (Wendt, 2004)

River And Water Management Flood Control Environmental Sciences Essay

River And Water Management Flood Control Environmental Sciences EssayFloods are a major concern in many parts of the world payable to the many losses experienced in time of cloudbursts. Therefore, flood management techniques are very important in areas that are prone to frequent fill up. Flood management techniques are structures designed with the aim of containing flood piss in order to control flood plains. The designing of flood control techniques entails estimating the directs of body of water that dos floods and then measuring the required height that will score a working flood defense. Flood defenses are bullnecked barriers that hold on water from flooding floodplains (Woods Woods 2007, p.5).Floods gener on the wholey occur when carrying surface water spills over the restraining banks into dry land. Floods are a natural occurrence in al almost all river systems. Areas that are prone to flooding include those that are located downstream of dams and low lying areas. F looding causes vast losses which include human and carnal life, soil erosion, upons of properties, destruction of vegetation and other environmental damages. Also, areas that are affected by floods could too be prone to droughts. This can even cause further loss of human and animal lives. Flood irrigate are usually polluted with harmful bacteria resulting from sewage. This means that people affected by the floods are at greater risks of getting infective diseases (Proverbs, et al., 2011, p. 221).However, floods also have positive seismic disturbances on ecosystems. One benefit from flooding includes more fresh water for domestic and irrigation usage. Other benefits include large deposits of minerals and nutrients into affected areas. apart from these, floods also help to improve the condition of water ecosystems. However, they can be considered to be the most damaging compared to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes due to their frequencies. Therefore, strict measures must be in place to prevent the massive losses occurred during floods (Gruntfest Handmer, 2001, p.12).Methods used to control floodsTechniques that are utilize in controlling floods involve the adaptation of the river environment and areas which are close to the river. Flood control techniques can be applied on the river channel, flood guidance or on the floodplain (Ghosh, 1997, p.55).Techniques applied in floodplainsFloodplains are areas that lie below the flood elevation and entirely on the floodway and river channel. The majority of techniques applied on floodplains lie furthest from the river barely they are designed to reduce flood damage.Levee/Floodwall around structuresThis technique involves the construction of a levee/floodwall around structures that are located in floodplains. Levees can both be permanent or temporary. Construction of the levee usually requires the use of strong, artificial or natural strong that can endure pressure from the floods (Hyndman Hyndman, 2010, p.3 56). The principle of apply levees and other barriers is to raise the height of structures located in floodplains which floodwater must then climb in order cause flooding. These structures are there to offer security to structures. However, they put other structures at a high risk of flooding due to the then increased water retention in the floodplains. Furthermore, serious damage to protected structures can then occur when the levees are unable to hold back floodwater. This is because the pressure that the floods hit the structure is extremely high compared to when there is no barrier (Green, 2004, p.36).The use of levees, dykes and floodwalls has a negative impact on the natural river processes (Harmancioglu, 1994, p.42). Ideally, developed water spills should form a natural channel which provides a way for the floods to flow. Therefore, levees would reduce the ability of the floodplains to process floodwaters. The inability of the floodwaters to flow freely within the floodpla ins would interfere with tilt in their aquatic habitat. The river would res pond by creating other convey in order to allow excess water to flow. The developed channels clear the backwater as sanitary as reduce habitat complications (Harmancioglu, 1994, p.43).Off-stream hold pondThe main aim of creating detention ponds in floodplains is to collect the floodwaters once the river has reached its maximum capacity. Detention ponds are constructed away from the floodway but must be within the floodplain catchment. When directing water into the detention ponds it will have an impact on cut down the enumerate of water a river carries. This will have a negative impact on natural river processes due to the decline of water flowing downstream. Reduced amount of downstream flow could then cause a reduction in bank deposit transport, which may hint to the rising of the ground level of the channel and deposition of fine sediments. In addition, allowing water to flow into a detention po nd may cause more water to flow into the pond than expected. This may lead to an increased development of river channels (Ali, 2002, p8.3).Detention ponds also create new surroundings for the breeding and maturing of fish. However, the construction of detention channels must be done in a way that creates a connection in the midst of the pond and the mainstream so that the rivers natural environment can be maintained. Severe damage to the environment can occur when the detention ponds break down pencil lead to flooding in the floodplains.Techniques applied on floodwayThe floodway is made of river banks and the active channel. In general, the floodway forms the part of land that is immediately next to the river. This piece of land allows flood waters to pass without raising the floods depth upstream. One characteristic of floodways is the presence of small banks, either due to cuts made by previous floods or natural levees due to deposits from previous floodwater (Mambretti, 2011, p .66).Reducing the bank slopeThis technique consists of cutting the riverbank backwards to produce a gentler slope (Masoudian, 2009, p.14). It may involve replanting or resurfacing the barren bank using tangibles afterwards. Reducing the bank slope will have an impact on the increasing flood transportation at the channel level due to the increased bank width. This usually happens because reducing the bank slope increases the surface area of the bank channel, which then increases the volume of bank flow. However, if slope reduction is done through planting vegetation, it is likely that the bank stability will be increased. This has an effect of creating a natural containment, which reduces the velocity of water. A reduction in the velocity of water then decreases the rates of soil and bank erosion. Vegetation along river banks may also trap sediments within flows, which may then lead to a buildup of banks, increasing the strongness of banks in controlling floods (Masoudian, 2009, p .16).The fact that reducing the bank slopes then also reduces erosion along the river banks has a negative impact on natural river processes. Without erosion on the river banks there will be a reduced amount of sediments, a reduced level of wood detritus and a reduced amount of channel migration. Therefore, the erosion occurring naturally along river banks is vital in maintaining an active balance within river systems. Aquatic habitats will also be affected reducing bank slopes has a negative impact of clearing areas where fish may hibernate during the day in order to be safe from predators. Juvenile fish usually hide in undercut river banks making it an essential component of an aquatic habitat (Masoudian, 2009, p.17).Reinforcing riverbanksThis technique involves adding supportive material to riverbanks in order to increase their stability and in resisting flood flows. The most commonly used reinforcement method involves planting natural vegetation as it acts as a stabilizer and in creases the ability of riverbanks to control floods. Planting vegetation on riverbanks can be done through hydro seeding, which involves various methods to add a mixture of water, fertilizer and seeds into riverbanks. The planted seeds will then grow and form a vast network of root systems. The root system helps in guardianship the soil together, which then strengthens the riverbanks. The other method used to introduce plant material on riverbanks is hand planting. In this technique, mature plants are inserted into riverbanks to continue with their addition (Stokes, et al., 2007, p.50).Planting mature plants has the advantage of providing immediate protection against floods through flow reduction. The other method involves the use of plant mats, which are either natural or synthetic materials implanted with plant seeds and fertilizers. The mats are then spread on the riverbanks, and then the watering process follows to allow the seeds to germinate and support the following growth. Apart from irrigating the plant mats, continued instabilities in the river level can help in germination and supporting growth (Beek, et al., 2008, p.33).The main impact of introducing plants along river banks is the formation of strong riverbanks that can withstand pressure from flowing water. The other impact is the prevention of enhanced channel migration. Floods that may occur along banks with sufficient plant material may be less severe compared to those occurring in areas without plant stabilizers. The use of plant stabilizers provides a long-lasting solution to control of floods. This technique also offers an environmental friendly method of flood control, which is easy to maintain. Continued increases of vegetation along riverbanks increases channel roughness and reduces the water velocity. The use of plants also comes with the advantage of providing food for the aquatic life in the protected rivers. Fish may also find a natural habitat in the vast root system generated by plants (Beek, et al., 2008, p.34).GabionsGabions are constructed using wire mesh baskets that are filled with stones of two-six inches. Like plants, gabions are meant to strengthen river banks, which boosts the river banks ability to resist pressure from flowing water. However, for gabions to be effective plants should be added to them. Gabions also deteriorate in time, which means that replacements are required when they stop functioning properly. The use of gabions reduces the natural erosion that occurs along riverbanks. This then reduces the amount of sediments delivered to downstream habitats. In addition, flows that are deflected by the gabions may create new river channels (Mascarenhas, 2011, p.82).Gabions also lead to an increase in water velocity, which has the disadvantage of reducing the amount of backwater that is essential for the survival of fish and other aquatic life. Well-designed gabions may serve as a reliable source for spawning gravel as well as habitats for aqu atic life.Techniques applied along the river channelSediment trap/miningThis technique involves excavating or dredging a depression on the riverbed. Construction of sediment traps requires the proper assessment of sediment load within a river in times of flooding. Maintenance of sediment traps require continued mining of sediments after both serious flood event. Sediment mining reduces the amount of sediment deposits in the river channel, which in turn increases the channel volume as well as the flood transportation. Removing sediments could only have a short term impact of improved flood transportation because of the continued deposition of sediments downstream. Therefore, continued removal of sediments is necessary to prevent incidences of flooding (Mascarenhas, 2011, p.105).Removal of sediments within the river channel affects natural river processes. One effect of sediment mining is the change of the channel geomorphology. Any changes in the channel morphology affect the way t he water flow and the river bed interact with each other. Removing sediments from the river channel changes the channel gradient. These changes then have further impacts on the gradient both upstream and downstream. An increase in the gradient in one location of the river may lead to the formation of a v point or otherwise known as a nick point. This leads to increased erosion in the channel, which extends to a point where the gradient is stable or where there is bedrock kind to erosion (Raudkivi, 1993, p.35).The removal of sediments affects aquatic habitats in several ways. When fine sediments are removed, there is a creation of a spawning habitat for a variety of fish species. On the other hand, removal of spawning gravel reduces the level of spawning habitats (Raudkivi, 1993, p.41). lean realignmentThis technique of flood control involves the digging of new and deeper channels on the river bed but with a different position compared to the existing channels. When flow realignmen t is done to increase flood transportation, there is a reduction in frequency and severity of floods. Flow realignment creates different structures for the river flow. This interferes with natural river processes both upstream and downstream. The most significant impact of flow realignment is obviously on aquatic habitats. The use of heavy equipment to make flow realignments creates disturbances on the river bed this alters existing aquatic habitats. Therefore, usage of flow realignment techniques needs thorough assessment of potential impacts on the aquatic ecosystem (Fleming, 2002, p.47).Word Count 2,108

The Corrruption Of Innocence :: essays research papers

The Corruption of InnocenceIt has struck some leaving a lasting impact while others just let it go by. Some would see it as corruption, and others see everyday life. I see it as the pure loss of innocence in a world of corruption. This bracing issue has risen in todays generation leaving no one free of it wrath. This has not been the first we have seen of this. The loss of innocence has been referred to over days by many authors, but now we come to see it in our lives a lot more frequently. According to authors like Emerson and Salinger, who although wrote their pieces so far apart, chance everyday in life the American Character is faced upon with the corruption of innocence that takes away from their unique American Character. In his book, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger focuses on the theme of innocence for a large amount of time. Holden constantly refers to everyone as being a phony and that they had lost their innocence, which had been corrupted when they matured and we re exposed to smart set. The society had exposed them to the real world and made them think in order to survive they must follow others. Holden goes in part of the book more or less jobs he likes and starts to describe job of a lawyer and says how they are sincere and try to save innocent lives, but then he goes on to think about how they are probably phonies and only doing it to be hot-shots and makes lots of money to impress society. (Salinger 172) The outcome of his thoughts was that everybody had conformed and followed each societys ideas, which upset Holden because no one was free of corruption take the children of society, like Ally. Holden sees it as a study issue in the book and serves as a major role of Holdens throughout the book. The issue even leads to the act of the book in the sense that it is named after his supposed job he wishes to under take as a Catcher in the Rye. He wants to be a catcher in a field of rye and little children who catches children from fallin g off the cliff and being corrupted by society. (Salinger 173) Therefore, in feature the theme of innocence has a significant role in this book.Another author who also uses the role of innocence and corruption as a major theme is Ralph Waldo Emerson in his essay Self-Reliance.

The Effect of Social Organization on Everyday Life and Health Essay

The Effect of Social Organization on Everyday Life and HealthMost people do not think about their health or issues revolving around their health until they are actually ill or people think that their health is plainly affected by biologic factors. However, our health should be a focus in our lives because our daily life has an affect on our health. Illness does not tho have biological causes but is also influenced by kind factors such as the socially imposed roles of sexual practice and socioeconomic differences.Before the affect of gender on health can be discussed, the difference amid gender and sex must first defined. Sex refers to actual physiological and hormonal differences between men and women gender refers to the differences that are imposed by society. Statistics have shown that women have extravagantlyer rates of morbidity but men have shorter life spans. This center that although women live longer than men, those years are not healthy years but rather are filled with illness. This cannot be completely explained by biological causes but the affect of social factors must be taken into account.There are two types of gender difference disease completely biological and biological amplified by social. Examples of completely biological diseases would include ovarian cancer, osteoporosis, breast cancer, and cervical cancer for women and prostrate cancer and testicular cancer for men. These diseases can only be had by members of a certain sex due to specific biological factors such as only women having ovaries therefore are able to have ovarian cancer whereas men have no ovaries and cannot get ovarian cancer. The other class of gender difference diseases is disease with biological causes but amplified by social factors. Examples... ..., those in a lower socioeconomic status have higher incidences of diseases aggravated by stress such as cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure. This added stress also leads to negative health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse all of which have adverse affects on health.These divers(a) stressors of everyday life caused by gender differences and differences in socioeconomic status can have a more profound affect than they seem.BibliographyRieker, Patricia P. and Chloe E. Bird. Sociological Explanations of sexual urge Differences In Mental and Physical Health. Handbook of Medical Sociology. Ed. Chloe E. Bird, et al. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice, 2000. 98-113.Weiss, Gregory L. and Lynne E. Lonnquist. The Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice, 2000.